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Wings To Fly!

Tag: Jharkhand GK in English

  • तिलका माँझी (1750–1785)

    तिलका माँझी – झारखण्ड के पहले स्वतंत्रता सेनानी (1780–1785)

    • पूरा नाम: तिलका माँझी (जिन्हें जाबरा पहाड़िया के नाम से भी जाना जाता है)
    • जन्म: 11 फरवरी 1750, तिलकपुर गाँव, सुलतानगंज थाना, भागलपुर जिला
    • जाति: संताल (सांथाल) जनजाति
    • पिता का नाम: सुंदरा मुर्मू

    व्यक्तित्व और कौशल

    • तीरंदाजी और जंगली जानवरों के शिकार में माहिर
    • दूरदर्शी, मिलनसार, कर्मठ और देशभक्त
    • एक कुशल योद्धा, जिन्होंने अपने साहस और नेतृत्व से पहचान बनाई
    • अंग्रेजी शोषण के खिलाफ पहले विद्रोहियों में से एक

    अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ संघर्ष

    • तिलका माँझी ने संतालों को जागरूक किया:
      • अंग्रेजों की शोषणकारी नीतियों के बारे में
      • फूट डालो और राज करो की नीति से सावधान किया
    • मुगल शासन में संतालों की स्वतन्त्रता थी, जिसे अंग्रेजों ने खत्म कर दिया

    विद्रोह के कारण

    • अंग्रेजी कर नीति के खिलाफ आवाज़ उठाई — पहाड़ियों से कर नहीं लिया जाता था, पर अन्य लोगों से लिया जाता था
    • इस भेदभावपूर्ण नीति के कारण सभी वर्ग तिलका माँझी के नेतृत्व में एकजुट हो गए

    प्रारंभिक संघर्ष

    • 1771 में वारेन हेस्टिंग्स को बंगाल का मिलिट्री गवर्नर नियुक्त किया गया
    • 1773 में अगस्टस क्लीवलैंड को राजमहल क्षेत्र का अधीक्षक बनाया गया
    • 1779 तक, क्लीवलैंड ने 47 पहाड़िया सरदारों को अंग्रेजों का समर्थक बना लिया
    • फिर भी जन असंतोष बढ़ता गया और तिलका माँझी ने विद्रोह का नेतृत्व किया

    संथाल विद्रोह की शुरुआत

    • 1781 में, तिलका माँझी के नेतृत्व में संथाल विद्रोह प्रारंभ हुआ
    • भागलपुर के पास वनचरीजोर नामक स्थान से आंदोलन शुरू किया गया
    • गुरिल्ला युद्ध की रणनीति अपनाकर अंग्रेजों को कठिनाई में डाल दिया

    मुख्य घटना

    • 13 जनवरी 1784 को, तिलका माँझी ने तीर मारकर अगस्टस क्लीवलैंड की हत्या कर दी
    • यह घटना जनजातीय प्रतिरोध का प्रतीक बन गई

    गिरफ्तारी और बलिदान

    • अंग्रेजों ने बड़ा हमला किया, पर तिलका माँझी पहाड़ों में छिपकर लड़ते रहे
    • अंततः सरदार जौराह ने उन्हें धोखे से पकड़वा दिया
    • तिलका माँझी को पकड़कर अत्यंत क्रूरता से फांसी दे दी गई
    • वे जनजातीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के पहले शहीद माने जाते हैं

  • “Freedom Fighters of Jharkhand”

    1. Tilka Manjhi (1750–1785)

    • Place of Birth: Tilakpur, Bhagalpur (present-day Bihar)
    • Tribe: Santhal
    • Father’s Name: Sundara Murmu

    Major Contributions:

    • Considered the first tribal freedom fighter of India.
    • Led the Santhal Rebellion in 1781.
    • Killed British officer Augustus Cleveland with an arrow (13 January 1784).
    • Adopted guerrilla warfare tactics to outsmart the British.

    Sacrifice:

    • Arrested due to betrayal by Paharia chieftain Jaurah.
    • In May 1785, tied to four horses, dragged, and hanged from a banyan tree in Bhagalpur.

    2. Budhu Bhagat (1792–1832)

    • Place of Birth: Silagai village, Lohardaga (Jharkhand)
    • Tribe: Oraon
    • Father’s Name: Heru Bhagat

    Major Contributions:

    • Led a mass rebellion against the British and landlords in 1831–1832.
    • Spread public awareness village to village.
    • Expertly used guerrilla warfare.

    Sacrifice:

    • In 1832, the British surrounded Budhu Bhagat’s house.
    • He and his two sons fought bravely but were martyred.

    3. Pandey Ganpat Rai (1809–1858)

    • Place of Birth: Chatra, Jharkhand
    • Father’s Name: Raja Jugal Kishore Singh
    • Position: Nagvanshi King and Diwan of Chatra

    Major Contributions:

    • Played an active role in the 1857 freedom struggle.
    • United kings and the public against the British.
    • Established alliances with Tatya Tope, Nana Sahib, and Kunwar Singh.

    Sacrifice:

    • Captured by the British.
    • Hanged in an open field in Chatra on 21 April 1858.
    • His last words were: “Victory to Mother India!”

    4. Sidho-Kanho Murmu (1815–1855)

    • Place of Birth: Bhognadih village, Sahibganj (Jharkhand)
    • Tribe: Santhal
    • Father’s Name: Marang Bhagat

    Major Contributions:

    • On 30 June 1855, led the “Santhal Rebellion” (Hul Movement) with over 10,000 Santhals.
    • Gave the slogan against oppression: “Abua Raj Ete Janawar Nay” (We want our own rule, not that of beasts).
    • The rebellion spread across Sahibganj, Dumka, Pakur, and Godda.

    Sacrifice:

    • Killed deceitfully by the British army in 1855.

    5. Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo (1817–1858)

    • Place of Birth: Badlatoli, Ranchi (Jharkhand)
    • Father’s Name: Thakur Chaitanya Shah
    • Position: Nagvanshi King of Ranchi

    Major Contributions:

    • Active leader in the 1857 revolution.
    • Organized freedom forces against the British.
    • Allied with Pandey Ganpat Rai, Nandaraj, and Murlidhar.
    • Uprooted British administration in Ranchi, Lohardaga, and Chatra.

    Sacrifice:

    • Hanged at Ranchi jail ground on 16 April 1858.

    6. Sheikh Bhikhari

    • Diwan and associate of Tikait Umrao Singh.
    • Actively participated in the 1857 freedom struggle.
    • Played a major strategic role against the British.
    • After the revolution, his property was seized and his family forced to flee.

    7. Birsa Munda (1875–1900)

    • Birth: 15 November 1875, Ulihatu, Khunti
    • Famous Name: Dharti Aaba

    Education & Conversion:

    • Early life full of struggle due to poverty.
    • Converted to Christianity on 7 May 1886 (Chaibasa Lutheran Mission).
    • Later disillusioned with missionary policies and returned to Hindu and tribal values.

    Movement:

    • Goal: Restoration of traditional tribal life and culture.
    • Initiated rebellion against Christian missionaries and British.
    • Arrested in 1895, sentenced to two years of rigorous imprisonment.
    • After release, reorganized the movement.
    • Arrested again in 1900; died in Ranchi jail on 9 June 1900.

    8. Tikait Umrao Singh

    • Birth: Khatanga, Ormanjhi (some sources mention Ganga Patar)
    • Skilled horseman and swordsman.
    • Led the rebellion in the 1857 uprising along with Sheikh Bhikhari.
    • Blocked the Chutupalu valley route to stop the British.
    • Hanged with Sheikh Bhikhari on 8 January 1858.
    • Zamindari of 12 villages was confiscated.

    9. Nilamber–Pitamber (Brave Brothers of Palamu)

    • Belonged to the Chero-Kharwar community of Palamu.
    • Rebelled against the British in 1857.
    • Attacked Chainpur, Sahpur, and Lesliganj.
    • Later took refuge in Manika forest and launched another rebellion.
    • Colonel Dalton arrested them under pretense of a feast and executed them.
    • Their property was confiscated.

    10. Telanga Khadia (1806–1880)

    • Birth: Sisai Murge village
    • Father: Duiya Khadia (treasurer of the Chotanagpur king)

    Struggle and Sacrifice:

    • Illiterate but skilled organizer and warrior.
    • Inspired by Kol Rebellion (1831–32), began guerrilla warfare against the British.
    • Mobilized the entire Khadia region.
    • British made several attempts to catch him but failed.
    • Shot dead by a traitor in Sisai on 23 April 1880.

    11. Singi Dai (Heroine of Rohtas Fort)

    • Princess of the Oraon community.
    • Formed a women’s army and repelled Mughal invasions three times.
    • Fought alongside her companion Kailee Dai.
    • Symbol of bravery: Oraon women tattoo three lines in her memory.

    12. Gaya Munda (Ulgulan Warrior, Atkedih)

    • Rebelled against the British with his entire family.
    • On 5 January 1900, a constable arrived at Atkedih to arrest him during an Ulgulan meeting.
    • His son Sambhar Munda shot an arrow at the constable.
    • On 6 January 1900, Deputy Commissioner Streetfield surrounded their home.
    • Women attacked the soldiers with sticks.
    • Gaya Munda declared: “This is my home. The Deputy Commissioner has no right to enter. If he does, we will kill him!”
    • The Deputy Commissioner set the house on fire, forcing the family out.

    Punishment:

    • Son hanged.
    • Elder son Doka Munda sentenced to life imprisonment.
    • Wife Maki Dai: 2 years in jail.
    • Daughters-in-law and daughters: 3 months imprisonment.
    • Son Jaymasih exiled.
    • 348 Mundas were tried in court.

    Bindrai Manki and Suiya Munda (Kol Rebellion, 1832)

    • Led the rebellion in Singhbhum, Palamu, and Torpa regions.
    • Major allies: Sagar Manki, Sugga Manki, Mohan Manki, etc.
    • British forced the rebels to surrender.
    • On 19 April 1832, Bindrai and Suiya Munda surrendered.
    • British had to promise security and peace in return.

    Poto Sardar (Kolhan Rebellion, 1837)

    • ‘Ho’ tribal leader who fought for independence.
    • Rebelled against British atrocities and the ‘Wilkinson Rule’.
    • Planned the rebellion by sending arrows to village chiefs.
    • 17 November 1837: Captain Armstrong’s army attacked.
    • 8 December 1837: Poto Sardar arrested.
    • 1 January 1838: Poto, Naro, and Badai were hanged.
    • 2 January 1838: Modu and Pandua were also executed.

    Rudan Munda and Konta Munda (Tamar Rebellion, 1819–1821)

    • Led a rebellion in Tamar region against the British in 1819.
    • Key leaders: Daulat Rai Munda, Shankar Manki, Chandan Singh, Bhadra Munda, etc.
    • 31 August 1819: Attacked Pituchara.
    • Reward announced for Rudan Munda; caught and died in jail.
    • 1821: Konta Munda gathered warriors from Singhbhum.
    • Raja Govind Shahi placed ₹200 bounty on his head.
    • Died in jail after arrest; rebellion ended.

    Fetel Singh Kharwar (Tribal Leader, Garhwa–Palamu)

    • Birth: 7 May 1885, Bahahara village, Garhwa
    • Father: Lagan Singh, village chief of Panchayat Chatta
    • Uneducated but deeply aware of forest rights.
    • Influenced by Gandhiji, fought for forest land rights.
    • 1958: Protest escalated against forest department encroachment.
    • 12 January 1958: Clash with police; supporter Kumbhakaran killed.
    • Arrested, fell ill in jail, later released for good conduct.
    • Died on 31 December 1975. His memorial is still in Bahahara village.

  • “झारखंड के स्वतंत्रता सेनानी”

    1. तिलका माँझी (1750–1785)

    जन्म स्थान: तिलकपुर, भागलपुर (वर्तमान बिहार)
    जाति: संताल
    पिता का नाम: सुंदरा मुर्मू

    मुख्य योगदान:

    • भारत के पहले आदिवासी स्वतंत्रता सेनानी माने जाते हैं।
    • 1781 में संताल विद्रोह का नेतृत्व किया।
    • ब्रिटिश अधिकारी ऑगस्टस क्लीवलैंड को तीर से मार गिराया (13 जनवरी 1784)।
    • उन्होंने गुरिल्ला युद्ध नीति अपनाकर ब्रिटिशों को छकाया।

    बलिदान:

    • पहाड़िया सरदार जौराह की गद्दारी से गिरफ्तार हुए।
    • मई 1785 में चार घोड़ों से बाँधकर घसीटे गए और भागलपुर के एक बरगद के पेड़ से फाँसी दी गई।

    2. बुधु भगत (1792–1832)

    जन्म स्थान: सिलागाई गाँव, लोहरदगा (झारखंड)
    जाति: उराँव
    पिता का नाम: हेरू भगत

    मुख्य योगदान:

    • 1831–1832 में ब्रिटिश और जमींदारों के खिलाफ जन विद्रोह का नेतृत्व किया।
    • गाँव-गाँव में जनजागरण फैलाया।
    • गुरिल्ला युद्ध का कुशल प्रयोग किया।

    बलिदान:

    • 1832 में अंग्रेजों ने बुधु भगत के घर को घेर लिया।
    • उन्होंने और उनके दो बेटों ने साहसपूर्वक युद्ध किया, पर अंततः शहीद हो गए।

    3. पाण्डेय गणपत राय (1809–1858)

    जन्म स्थान: चतरा, झारखंड
    पिता का नाम: राजा जुगल किशोर सिंह
    पद: नागवंशी राजा व चतरा के दीवान

    मुख्य योगदान:

    • 1857 के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में सक्रिय भूमिका निभाई।
    • अंग्रेजों से विरुद्ध राजाओं और जनता को संगठित किया।
    • तांत्या टोपे, नाना साहिब और कुंवर सिंह से सहयोग स्थापित किया।

    बलिदान:

    • अंग्रेजों द्वारा गिरफ्तार किए गए।
    • 21 अप्रैल 1858 को चतरा में खुले मैदान में फाँसी दी गई।
    • उनके अंतिम शब्द थे: “भारत माता की जय!”

    4. सिद्धू-कान्हू मुर्मू (1815–1855)

    जन्म स्थान: भोगनाडीह गाँव, साहिबगंज (झारखंड)
    जाति: संताल
    पिता का नाम: मरांग भगत

    मुख्य योगदान:

    • 30 जून 1855 को 10,000 से अधिक संतालों के साथ “संताल विद्रोह” (हुल आंदोलन) का नेतृत्व किया।
    • अंग्रेजों, साहूकारों और महाजनों के अत्याचार के विरुद्ध “अबुआ राज एते जनावर नाय” (अपना राज लाएँगे, जानवरों का नहीं) का नारा दिया।
    • विद्रोह ने साहिबगंज, दुमका, पाकुड़, गोड्डा तक प्रभाव फैलाया।

    बलिदान:

    • 1855 में अंग्रेजी सेना ने धोखे से उन्हें घेर कर मार दिया।

    5. ठाकुर विश्वनाथ शाहदेव (1817–1858)

    जन्म स्थान: बड़लाटोली, रांची (झारखंड)
    पिता का नाम: ठाकुर चैतन्य शाह
    पद: रांची के नागवंशी राजा

    मुख्य योगदान:

    • 1857 की क्रांति में सक्रिय नेता थे।
    • अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ मुक्ति सेनाओं को संगठित किया।
    • पाण्डेय गणपत राय, नंदराज और मुरलीधर से गठबंधन किया।
    • रांची, लोहरदगा, चतरा में ब्रिटिश प्रशासन को उखाड़ फेंका।

    बलिदान:

    • 16 अप्रैल 1858 को रांची के जेल मैदान में फाँसी दी गई।

    6. शेख भिखारी

    • टिकैत उमराव सिंह के दीवान और सहयोगी।
    • 1857 के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में सक्रिय भागीदारी।
    • अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध रणनीतिक सहयोग में प्रमुख भूमिका।
    • स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के बाद सम्पत्ति जब्त और परिवार को पलायन करना पड़ा।

    7. बिरसा मुण्डा (1875 – 1900)

    जन्म: 15 नवम्बर 1875, उलिहातू, खूंटी
    प्रसिद्ध नाम: धरती आबा

    शिक्षा व धर्मांतरण:

    • गरीबी के कारण शुरुआती जीवन संघर्षपूर्ण।
    • 7 मई 1886 को ईसाई धर्म में धर्मांतरण (चाईबासा लूथरन मिशन)।
    • बाद में ईसाई मिशनरियों की नीतियों से असंतुष्ट होकर हिन्दू और आदिवासी मूल्यों की ओर लौटे।

    आंदोलन:

    • लक्ष्य: पारंपरिक जनजातीय जीवन और संस्कृति की पुनर्स्थापना।
    • ईसाई मिशनरियों व अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध विद्रोह की शुरुआत।
    • 1895 में गिरफ्तारी व दो वर्ष की सश्रम कारावास।
    • जेल से रिहा होने के बाद फिर आंदोलन को संगठित किया।
    • 1900 में गिरफ्तार; राँची जेल में 9 जून 1900 को मृत्यु।

    8. टिकैत उमराव सिंह

    • जन्म: खटंगा, ओरमांझी (कुछ मतों में गंगा पातर)
    • कुशल घुड़सवार व तलवारबाज।
    • 1857 की क्रांति में शेख भिखारी के साथ मिलकर विद्रोह का नेतृत्व।
    • चुटुपालू घाटी मार्ग अवरुद्ध कर अंग्रेजों को रोका।
    • 8 जनवरी 1858 को शेख भिखारी के साथ फाँसी दी गई।
    • 12 गाँवों की ज़मींदारी जब्त की गई।

    9. नीलांबर-पीतांबर (पलामू के वीर भाई)

    • पलामू के चेरो-खरवार समुदाय से।
    • 1857 में अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ विद्रोह किया।
    • चैनपुर, साहपुर, लेस्लीगंज पर आक्रमण।
    • बाद में मनिका के जंगल में शरण ली और पुनः विद्रोह छेड़ा।
    • कर्नल डाल्टन ने भोज के बहाने गिरफ्तार कर फाँसी दी।
    • उनकी सम्पत्ति जब्त कर ली गई।

    10. तेलंगा खड़िया (1806 – 1880)

    जन्म: सिसई मुर्गे गाँव
    पिता: दुइया खड़िया (छोटानागपुर महाराज के भंडारी)

    संघर्ष और बलिदान:

    • अनपढ़ लेकिन कुशल संगठक और योद्धा।
    • कोल विद्रोह (1831–32) से प्रेरणा लेकर अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ छापामार युद्ध शुरू किया।
    • पूरे खड़िया क्षेत्र को गोलबंद किया।
    • अंग्रेजों ने उन्हें पकड़ने कई प्रयास किए लेकिन असफल रहे।
    • 23 अप्रैल 1880 को सिसई में एक देशद्रोही द्वारा गोली मारकर हत्या।

    11. सिनगी दई (रोहतास गढ़ की वीरांगना)

    • उरांव समुदाय की राजकुमारी।
    • नारी सेना गठित कर मुगल आक्रमण को तीन बार रोका।
    • सहेली कैली दई के साथ युद्ध में मोर्चा संभाला।
    • वीरता की प्रतीक: उरांव महिलाएं उनकी याद में तीन रेखाएं गुदवाती हैं।

    12. गया मुण्डा (उलगुलान सेनानी, एटकेडीह)

    • गया मुण्डा ने अपने पूरे परिवार के साथ अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ विद्रोह किया।
    • 5 जनवरी 1900 को खूँटी थाना का कांस्टेबल उन्हें पकड़ने एटकेडीह पहुँचा, जहाँ उलगुलान की बैठक चल रही थी।
    • गया मुण्डा के बेटे सांभर मुण्डा ने सिपाही पर तीर चला दिया।
    • 6 जनवरी 1900 को उपायुक्त स्ट्रीटफील्ड ने एटकेडीह में गया मुण्डा के घर को घेर लिया।
    • महिलाओं ने सिपाही पर लाठी से वार कर दिया।
    • गया मुण्डा का जवाब: “यह घर मेरा है, उपायुक्त को घुसने का अधिकार नहीं है। घुसे तो मार डालेंगे!”
    • उपायुक्त ने घर में आग लगवा दी, जिससे पूरा परिवार बाहर निकला।
    • दंड:
      • बेटे को फाँसी
      • बड़े बेटे डोका मुण्डा को आजीवन कारावास
      • पत्नी माकी दई को 2 साल की कैद
      • बहुएं और बेटियाँ: 3 महीने की कैद
      • बेटे जयमसीह को देश निकाला
      • कुल 348 मुण्डाओं पर मुकदमा चला

    बिंदराई मानकी और सुइया मुण्डा (कोल विद्रोह, 1832)

    • सिंहभूम, पलामू और तोरपा क्षेत्र में विद्रोह का नेतृत्व किया।
    • प्रमुख सहयोगी: सागर मानकी, सुग्गा मानकी, मोहन मानकी आदि।
    • अंग्रेजों ने विद्रोहियों को आत्मसमर्पण के लिए मजबूर किया।
    • 19 अप्रैल 1832: बिंदराई और सुइया मुण्डा ने आत्मसमर्पण किया।
    • अंग्रेजों को उनके आत्मसमर्पण के बदले सुरक्षा और शांति बनाए रखने का आश्वासन लेना पड़ा।

    पोटो सरदार (कोल्हान विद्रोह, 1837)

    • ‘हो’ आदिवासी नेता जिन्होंने स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई लड़ी।
    • अंग्रेजों के अत्याचार और ‘विल्किन्सन रूल’ के विरोध में विद्रोह।
    • विद्रोह की योजना: ग्राम प्रमुखों को तीर भेजकर आमंत्रण।
    • 17 नवम्बर 1837: कैप्टन आर्मस्ट्रांग की सेना ने हमला किया।
    • 8 दिसम्बर 1837: पोटो सरदार गिरफ्तार।
    • 1 जनवरी 1838: पोटो, नारो और बड़ाय को फाँसी दी गई।
    • 2 जनवरी 1838: मोड़ो और पंडुआ को भी फाँसी।

    रूदन मुण्डा और कोन्ता मुण्डा (तमाड़ विद्रोह, 1819-1821)

    • 1819 में अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ तमाड़ क्षेत्र में विद्रोह।
    • प्रमुख नेता: दौलत राय मुण्डा, शंकर मानकी, चंदन सिंह, भद्रा मुण्डा आदि।
    • 31 अगस्त 1819: पिटुचाड़ा में हमला।
    • रूदन मुण्डा को पकड़ने के लिए इनाम घोषित हुआ और वह पकड़े जाने के बाद जेल में मारे गए।
    • 1821: कोन्ता मुण्डा ने सिंहभूम के लड़ाकों को एकत्र किया।
    • राजा गोविन्द शाही ने उस पर ₹200 का इनाम रखा।
    • गिरफ्तारी के बाद जेल में मौत, विद्रोह का अंत हुआ।

    फेटल सिंह खरवार (जनजातीय नेता, गढ़वा–पलामू)

    • जन्म: 7 मई 1885, बहाहारा गाँव, गढ़वा।
    • पिता: लगन सिंह, पंचायत चट्टा के मुखिया।
    • पढ़ाई नहीं कर सके पर जल-जंगल-जमीन की गहरी समझ।
    • गाँधीजी के प्रभाव में आए और वन अधिकारों की लड़ाई लड़ी।
    • 1958: वन विभाग के कब्जे के खिलाफ संघर्ष उग्र हुआ।
    • 12 जनवरी 1958: पुलिस से भिड़ंत, एक समर्थक कुम्भकरण की मृत्यु।
    • गिरफ्तारी के बाद जेल में स्वास्थ्य बिगड़ा, बाद में अच्छे आचरण के कारण रिहा हुए।
    • 31 दिसम्बर 1975: उनका निधन। समाधि आज भी बहाहारा गाँव में स्थित है।

  • “Major Tribal Rebellions of Jharkhand: A Detailed Analysis of History, Causes and Impacts”

    ❖ Etymology and Meaning of the Word “Sadan”

    • Derived from ‘sad’, meaning:
      • To sit, reside, or assemble.
    • Other associated meanings:
      • Sadya – immediate, new, fresh.
      • Sad – good, true.
    • Sadans are considered:
      • The first settlers of Jharkhand.
      • New residents who made the land their home.
    • Associated with Shivpriya (Naag Priya) land, where Naga caste is dominant.

    ❖ Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Sadan Community

    • Worship places called Sarna, located in open spaces like:
      • Mahadev Manda, Devi Gudi.
    • Temples were constructed later due to external influences.
    • Cultural values based on equality and cooperation:
      • Sahiya-Madait (cooperative systems).
    • Marriage customs:
      • Bride price (Daali Daam) instead of dowry.
      • Entire village participates in the marriage of a daughter.

    ❖ Relationship Between Sadans and Tribal Communities

    • Sadans were present before the arrival of major tribes (Munda, Oraon, Kharia, etc.).
    • Primitive Sadan groups include:
      • Naga, Asur, Sarak tribes.
    • Coexistence with incoming tribal communities.
    • Over time, a fusion of languages, songs, music, and cultures occurred.

    ❖ Classification of Sadans

    1. Ancient Original Sadans – Indigenous residents of Jharkhand.
    2. Medieval Settlers – Brought by kings from other states; ~75% assimilated as Jharkhandi.
    3. Newcomers – Traders and professionals; ~50% Jharkhandi cultural influence.
    4. Recent Migrants – Arrived post-1932; weak Jharkhandi identity.

    Major Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand (As per Census 2011)

    S.No.TribeDistrict / DivisionPopulationPercentageLanguage
    1SantalSanthal Pargana27,54,72331.86%Santali
    2OraonRanchi17,16,61819.85%Kurukh
    3MundaRanchi12,29,22114.21%Mundari
    4HoSinghbhum9,28,28910.73%Ho
    5KharwarPalamu2,48,9742.87%Kharwari

    ❖ Language and Culture of Sadans

    • Sadani language (now called Nagpuri) was once the official language under the Nagvanshi rule.
    • Despite dialectical differences, a shared cultural sentiment prevails.
    • Folk dances include:
      • Fagua, Thadiya, Umkach, Uidhra, Jhumar, etc.

    ❖ Economic and Social Contributions

    • Significant role in:
      • Agriculture, metalwork (iron-copper), craftsmanship, and trade.
    • Traditional systems like:
      • Madhait Pratha – collective labor.
      • Interest-free loan system – strengthened the rural economy.

    ❖ Current Status of Sadans in Jharkhand

    • Important figures in the freedom struggle:
      • Pandey Ganpat Rai, Nilambar-Pitambar, etc.
    • After independence:
      • Decline in political voice.
      • Marginalisation after Jharkhand was declared a tribal state by the Bhuria Committee.

    ❖ Major Sadan-Associated Tribes

    • Birjhia, Cheek Baraik, Godait, Karmali, Lohra, Mahli, Kisan, Asur, etc.

    ❖ Highlights of Major Tribes in Jharkhand

    ▸ Oraon

    • Occupation: Farming; now also in industry and services.
    • Literacy (2011):
      • Total: 67%
      • Male: 72.9%
      • Female: 52.4%
    • Religion: Traditional and Christian (due to missionary influence).

    ▸ Munda

    • Race: Australoid
    • Language: Mundari (Austro-Asiatic)
    • Population (2011): 12,29,221
    • Residence: 89.6% rural
    • Key traditions:
      • Chief: Hatumunda
      • Council: Padha, led by Padha Raja
      • Deity: Singbonga
    • Marriage rules:
      • No intra-tribe or same-gotra marriage.
      • Widow remarriage allowed.
    • Literacy (2011): 62.6%

    ▸ Kharwar

    • Regions: Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa, Lohardaga, Ranchi.
    • Family: Patriarchal.
    • Marriage: Inter-gotra mandatory; child marriage exists.
    • Occupation: Agriculture, hunting, labor.
    • Literacy (2011): 56.4%

    ▸ Kharia

    • Subgroups: Hill, Dhelki, Doodh Kharia
    • Population (2011): 1,96,135
    • Village governance: Padha and Doklo Sohor
    • Chief: Pradhan
    • Marriage: Gotra system, but intra-gotra allowed.
    • Literacy: 65.9%

    ▸ Vedia

    • Origin: Possibly related to Kurmi or Munda.
    • Residence: Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Singhbhum.
    • Marriage: Endogamy prohibited; bride price system.
    • Literacy: 58%

    ▸ Bhumij

    • Origin: Subgroup of Munda.
    • Region: Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Dhanbad, Singhbhum.
    • Marriage: No same-gotra or inter-caste marriage.
    • Population (2011): 2,09,448

    ▸ Big Tribe

    • Region: Singhbhum
    • Population (2011): 3,464
    • Occupation: Forest products, labor.

    ▸ Lohara

    • Clan: Descendants of Asur.
    • Traditional work: Iron smelting.
    • Population (2011): 2,16,226
    • Literacy: 56.2%

    ▸ Mahli

    • Clan: Dravidian
    • Occupation: Bamboo and wood products.
    • Sub-castes: Bamboo Mahli, Silkhi Mahli, Tanti Mahli.
    • Literacy (2011): 152,663 literate

    Table 7.4 – Population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)

    S.No.NamePopulation (2001)Population (2011)Literacy Rate (%)
    1Birhor7,51410,72634.5
    2Parhiya20,78625,58533.1
    3Mal Pahadia1,15,0931,35,79739.6
    4Sambar6,0049,68833.7
    5Sauria Pahadia31,05046,22239.7
    6Hill Kharia1,64,0221,96,13565.9
    7Korba27,17735,60637.9
    8Asur10,34722,45946.9
    9Birjia5,3656,27650.2

    ❖ PVTG (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups)

    • Key PVTGs:
      • Mal Pahadia, Parhiya, Savar/Sanwar, Birjia, Birhor, Asur.
    • Prominent populations:
      • Mal Pahadia: 1,35,797
      • Hill Kharia: 1,96,135

    Scheduled Tribe Population Distribution (in Percentage)

    DistrictPercentage (%)
    Koderma0.96%
    Garhwa15.54%
    Palamu9.34%
    Chatra12.13%
    Giridih9.74%
    Deoghar7.02%
    Hazaribagh7.02%
    Ramgarh21.19%
    Bokaro12.4%
    Dhanbad1.66%
    Sahebganj28.41%

    Tribal Language, Festivals, Dance, Music, and Painting

    SubjectDescription
    LanguagesSantali, Mundari, Kurukh, Khortha, Nagpuriya, Sadri, Kharia, Pachparganiya, Ho, Malto, Karmali, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali
    FestivalsSarhul, Karma, Sohrai, Badna, Eid, Christmas, Holi, Dussehra
    Folk DancesAkhariya, Domkach, Jhumar, Fagua, Pawas
    Musical InstrumentsMandar, Dhol, Dhak, Dhamsa, Flute, Kartal, Shehnai etc.
    PaintingsSantali Wall Paintings, Oraon Wall Paintings

    Additional Information

    • Region: Santhal Pargana
    • Population (2011): 32,786
    • Literacy Rate: 55.5%
    • Marriage Tradition: Exogamous (outside the same clan)
    • Death Rites: Burial tradition

  • Traditional Tribal Justice and Government system in Jharkhand

    Self-Governance System of Mundas

    • Language: Mundari (Austro-Asiatic Family)
    • Main Areas of Residence: Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Dhanbad
    • Population: Approximately 12.29 Lakhs
    • Main Purpose: Settlement of social, religious, economic, cultural, and criminal matters.

    Key Positions and Roles

    • Munda: Head of the village; leads administration, judicial functions, and tax collection.
    • Padha Raja: Head of a group of 12-20 villages (Padha); handles complex disputes (Honorarium: ₹1000).
    • Raja: Head of 22 Padhas; high-level decision-maker.
    • Thakur: Assistant to the Padha Raja.
    • Diwan: Minister of the Raja; responsible for implementation of orders (Garh Diwan and Raj Diwan).
    • Barkandaz (Soldier): Distributes notices; ensures security in Sabha.
    • Pandey: Responsible for the protection of documents and issuing notices.
    • Lal (Bardalal, Majhalal, Chhotelal): Acts as a lawyer-like debater in Sabha.
    • Pahan: Assistant to Munda; oversees religious functions.
    • Priest Pahan: Conducts worship during festivals.
    • Mahato: Distributes information; assistant to Munda and Pahan.
    • Purification Work: Involved in priestly duties.
    • Ghatwar: Distributes punishment materials.
    • Chawar Dolait: Responsible for washing hands and feet in Sabha.
    • Paan Khawas: Distributes lime-tobacco in Sabha.

    Dispute Resolution Process

    1. First Stage:
      • The aggrieved person informs the Munda.
      • Mahato spreads the information across the village.
      • A hearing takes place in the village Sabha.
      • Decision: Financial penalty or social boycott.
    2. Second Stage:
      • If unresolved at the village level, a Padha Sabha is convened.
      • Information is disseminated through Diwan and Barkandaz.
    3. Third Stage:
      • If unresolved in the Padha Sabha, the matter is taken to the Mahasabha of 22 Padharajas.
      • Final Decision: The decision is final and binding.

    Contributions of the Traditional System in Various Fields

    • Criminal Cases: Economic penalty; decisions based on human values.
    • Sexual Atrocities: Strict punishment; responsibility of the girl in case of marriage.
    • Development Work: Construction of roads, wells, and canals through Shramdaan (voluntary labor).
    • Land Disputes: Fair distribution by Munda.
    • Religious Work: Pahan sets the dates for religious activities.
    • Rights of Women: Limited rights on land for maintenance.
    • Hereditary Rights: The post is handed over only to eligible heirs.

    Akhada and Collective Decision Making

    • Location: Middle of the village, often under a tree (if available).
    • Function: Collective discussion and morality-based decisions; ensures quick and low-cost justice.

    Padha Panchayat Governance System (Uraon Tribe)

    Village Panchayat

    • Main Officials: Mahto (Chief), Pahan (Priest), Bhandari (Messenger).
    • Function: Dispute settlement, disaster management, and festival organization.

    Padha Panchayat

    • Group: 9-12 villages.
    • Chief: Padha Raja.
    • Other Officials: Diwan, Minister, Kotwar, Panbhara.
    • Function: Acts as an appellate court and enforces social rules.
    • Special Note: The “Mudma Mela” of Ranchi district is a prominent example of Padha Panchayat’s influence.

    Relationship Between Mahto and Padha Raja

    • The Mahto works under the Padha Raja.
    • The Padha Raja does not intervene without the Mahto’s request.

    Manki-Munda Self-Rule System

    Historical Background

    • Prevalent in western and eastern Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan districts.
    • Prior to British rule, the Porahat (Singhbhum) king ruled, but the ‘Ho’ community was not directly controlled by the king.

    Changes After British Rule

    • In 1821, the British occupied southern Singhbhum and named it Kolhan Government State. Captain Thomas Wilkinson was appointed in 1837 for administration.
    • Wilkinson Rule:
      • Munda: Hears civil cases.
      • Manki: Hears criminal cases.

    Objectives of Administration in Kolhan

    • Maintain local governance.
    • Establish a direct relationship between the government and the people.
    • Settle disputes through village panchayats.
    • Prevent the entry of outsiders into the area.

    Rights and Duties of Manki

    • Hereditary Post (Marusi): Manki’s role is hereditary.
    • Chief and Responsible Officer: Oversees the Peed (region).
    • Revenue Collection: Works with Munda for revenue collection; entitled to a 10% commission.
    • Police Officer: Arrests criminals and hands them over to authorities.
    • Government Orders: Acts in accordance with government orders.
    • Dispute Resolution: Resolves smaller disputes and reports to the Deputy Commissioner.

    Rights and Duties of Munda

    • Represents the village and its autonomy.
    • Has the right to settle fallow land.
    • Informs the government about the settlement of outsiders.
    • Oversees public resources in the village.
    • Acts as a police officer; reports crimes to district administration.
    • Ensures forest conservation and law enforcement.

    Other Key Officials in Kolhan

    • Manki Committee: Resolves complex disputes.
    • Dakuamunda: Assistant to Munda; informs about meetings.
    • Tehsildar: Assistant to Manki; handles revenue collection.
    • Diuri: Responsible for religious worship and social crime resolution.
    • Travel Diuri: Participates in worship of village deities.

    Manjhi-Pargana Governance System (Santhal Pargana)

    Structure

    • Parganait: Head of 15-20 villages.
    • Desh Manjhi / Mode Manjhi: Head of 5-8 villages.
    • Manjhi: Village head.
    • Pranik: Sub-Manjhi.
    • Godait: Secretary and Treasurer.
    • Jog Manjhi: Youth leadership.
    • Jog Pranik: Assistant to Jog Manjhi.
    • Bhagdo Praja: Leading member of Gram Sabha.
    • Laser Tangoy: Security head.
    • Naike: Head of religious functions.
    • Chowkidar: Responsible for catching criminals.

    Dispute Settlement Process

    1. Village-Level: Disputes are settled by the Manjhi.
    2. If Unresolved: The matter is escalated to the Desh Manjhi.
    3. Final Decision: The Parganait handles unresolved issues at the Parganait level.

    Criminal Case Resolution

    • Village-Level: Most crimes, except murder, are settled in the village.
    • Punishments: Ranges from a light penalty (karela danda) to a large monetary fine.
    • Payment Plans: If the criminal cannot pay, they are given a payment period.
    • Serious Crimes: No release is allowed for serious crimes.

    Settlement of Sexual Crimes

    • Reported by the victim or guardian.
    • A meeting is held where all parties (complainant, accused, and witness) present their case.
    • If Found Guilty:
      • A marriage proposal is made (if both parties agree).
      • If rejected, an appropriate punishment is imposed.

    Additional Traditional Systems

    1. Illegitimate Children and Marriage Laws:
      • Jog Manjhi: Assigned as the gotra for illegitimate children.
      • Daughters may be married with the consent of their father, and dowry is provided.
    2. Family and Village Disputes:
      • Disputes are first brought before the village’s Manjhi, and the matter is escalated if unresolved.
    3. Bitlaha Tradition:
      • Social ostracism is imposed if a person does not follow the punishment. The community works together to persuade the individual, and if ignored, a “Bitlaha” ceremony is held.
    4. Sohor Panchayat (Kharia Tribe):
      • Several villages form the Sohor Panchayat to resolve disputes not settled at the village level.
    5. Village-Level Panchayat System:
      • The Mahato and elders lead meetings to resolve disputes, especially related to land and festivals.
    6. Caste and Private Panchayat System:
      • Private Panchayats can be called for personal disputes, where decisions are made through trial by fire or oath.
    7. Santhal Panchayat System (Manjhi Than):
      • Five officers form the Panchayat: Manjhi, Pranik, Jog Manjhi, Jog Pranik, and Godait. Originally elected annually, the position became hereditary.
    8. Other Tribal Panchayats:
      • Other tribes like Bhumij, Chero, Oraon, Munda, Birhor, etc., had their separate panchayats with positions like Mahato, Dehri, Raja, Munda, Naya.

    Nagavanshi Governance System

    • King: Head of governance.
    • Allies: Army, landlords, jagirdars, Brahmins, Rajguru, and priests.
    • Revenue Administration: Managed by Diwan, Patwari, and Amin.
    • Parha Panchayats: Foundation of administration, though the influence of Kol and Oraon decreased over time, with Kayastha influence growing.

  • History of Jharkhand: From the post-Mughal era to modern times (1707–1942)

    1. After Aurangzeb’s Death (1707)

    • Mughal empire weakened, leading to anarchy in Jharkhand.
    • Local kings and landlords tried to strengthen their powers:
      • Ramgarh: Initially received ‘mansab’ from the Bengal Subedar but started acting independently.
      • Chhotanagpur: Nagavanshi kings asserted independence from Mughal representatives.
      • Palamu: Chero rulers remained under nominal Mughal control, but internal power struggles emerged.
      • Singhbhum: Local rulers were practically independent; Mughal control was weak.
    • Nawabs of Bengal (Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan):
      • Attempted tax collection and political control.
      • Frequent rebellions and local conflicts made it difficult.
    • By mid-18th century:
      • Jharkhand remained under Mughal/Nawabi rule only nominally.
      • Real control was in the hands of local kings.

    2. Modern Period (1765–1942)

    Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (1765)

    • 12 August 1765: Shah Alam II granted Diwani rights to the East India Company.
    • Jharkhand (Chhota Nagpur) was included under Bihar but remained culturally and politically distinct.
    • Mughal and Maratha invasions occurred but no permanent rule was established.

    3. Entry of the British in Jharkhand

    Singhbhum Region (1760 Onwards)

    • British interest arose after capturing Midnapur.
    • Major Kingdoms:
      • Dhalbhum
      • Paurahat
      • Kolhan (Ho tribe territory)

    Campaigns and Battles

    • January 1767: Fergusson led an invasion:
      • Defeated kings of Jhargram, Jambani, Silda.
      • Captured Dhalbhum’s burning palace (22 March 1767).
      • Installed Jagannath Dhal as king, later replaced by Nimu Dhal.

    Treaties

    • 1773: Treaty with the King of Porahat.
    • Later similar treaties with Saraikela and Kharsawan.

    Kolhan and the Ho Tribe

    • Ho tribe remained independent from Mughal and Maratha rule.
    • Frequent invasions into Nagavanshi territories (1770, 1800).
    • British military actions:
      • 1820: Major Roughsedge – partial success.
      • 1821: Colonel Richard – Ho tribe surrendered.
      • Tax imposed: 1 Rupee per plough.
    • Kol Rebellion (1831–32, 1836–37):
      • Ho tribe revolted but eventually surrendered.
      • British administrative unit created in Kolhan.

    4. British Expansion in Palamu and Chhotanagpur

    Palamu (1771)

    • Occupied by Chero kings: Chiranjit Rai and Jayanath Singh.
    • British supported Gopal Rai:
      • March 21, 1771: Palamu fort captured by Captain Jacob Camek.
      • July 1771: Gopal Rai declared king, annual land revenue ₹12,000.

    Chhotanagpur

    • Nagavanshi King Darpanath Shah:
      • Accepted British subordination.
      • Annual tribute: ₹12,000.
      • Pledged help against the Marathas.

    Ramgarh and Hazaribagh

    • Raja Mukund Singh:
      • Initially opposed British influence.
      • Later proposed friendship under British pressure.
      • Gradual British influence increased.

    5. Administrative Reorganization

    Formation of Lohardaga Agency

    • Headquarters: Kisanpur, Lohardaga.
    • First Agent: Thomas Wilkinson (reported directly to Governor-General).
    • District Officer: Robert Ouseley appointed.

    Post-1854 Changes

    • South-West Frontier Agency abolished.
    • Chhotanagpur placed under Bengal’s Lieutenant Governor.
    • Formation of Chhota Nagpur Commissionerate:
      • Included Lohardaga, Hazaribagh, Manbhum, Singhbhum, Surguja, etc.

    6. Manbhum Area

    • Large region during the East India Company era, including:
      • Jharia, Katras, Parra, Raghunathpur, and others.
    • 1767 (Fergusson’s entry):
      • Five major independent landlords: Manbhum, Barabhum, Supur, Abhinagar, Chatana.
    • British struggle:
      • Military action initially failed.
      • Adopted annual settlement policy for control.

    7. Singhbhum and Kolhan (Further Developments)

    • 1837: Captain Wilkinson’s military action in Kolhan.
      • Villages Ipilasingi and Panga burnt.
      • Formation of Kolhan Government Estate.
      • First Deputy Commissioner: Tickell.
    • Wilkinson Rules (1833):
      • Administrative code of 31 rules implemented.
    • Seraikela and Kharsawan:
      • Gradually annexed in 1934.

    8. Santhal Pargana and Paharia Policy

    Early British Efforts

    • Peace efforts with hill tribes (‘Highlander’, ‘Hill Man’).
    • Tribal administration under the Khetauri family of Manihari.

    Disturbances

    • Maler tribe attacks during the famine of 1770.
    • Looting and violence increased.
    • Fear spread in Rajmahal and nearby regions.

    British Military Actions

    • Captain Brooke (1771-1774):
      • Suppressed forest terror.
      • Settled 283 villages.
    • Captain James Brown (1774-1778):
      • Proposed respecting traditional tribal systems.

    Augustus Cleveland’s Reforms (1779–1784)

    • Adopted justice and humane policy.
    • Cleveland Plan:
      • Engage hill tribes in agriculture and military.
      • Salary and uniforms for 400 tribal soldiers.
    • Effects:
      • Brought peace and reduced crime.
      • Markets set up for tribal trade.
    • Post-Cleveland:
      • Schemes declined after his death.
      • Paharia Panchayats weakened.

    Attempts at Reforms

    • Marquis of Hastings: Promised but did not fulfill support schemes.
    • Fombell: Tried to revive Paharia system.
    • Abdul Rasul Khan’s Corruption: Caused widespread discontent.

    9. Arrival and Struggles of the Santhals

    • Santhals settled in Bhagalpur, Birbhum, and later Damin-i-Koh.
    • Exploited by moneylenders, trapped in debt.
    • Faced severe injustice and exploitation.

    10. Santhal Rebellion (1855–1856)

    Causes

    • Bonded labor, exorbitant loans, land seizure.
    • Exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, and British officials.

    Leadership and Movement

    • Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, Bhairav: Divine-inspired leadership.
    • 30 June 1855: 10,000 Santhals assembled at Bhognadih.
    • 7 July 1855: Killed Inspector Maheshlal Dutt.

    Conflict and Suppression

    • Spread rebellion across Bhagalpur and Birbhum.
    • British forces (Major Burrow, Colonel Bird) sent for suppression.
    • Rebellion suppressed by 1856.

    Consequences

    • Formation of Santhal Pargana:
      • Damin-i-Koh separated.
      • Sub-divisions: Dumka, Godda, Deoghar, Rajmahal.
    • Reforms:
      • Chieftaincy system recognized.
      • Direct contact between Santhals and administration.
      • Laws made to curb exploitation.
    • Legacy:
      • Raised awareness of tribal rights.
      • Influenced future Indian freedom movements.

    Maratha Incursions and Turmoil in Rajmahal (1742–1760): A Historical Account

    Between 1742 and 1751, Bengal and Bihar faced continuous Maratha invasions, significantly impacting regions such as Rajmahal and Santhal Pargana. Below is a detailed bullet-point chronicle of these events and their consequences:

    Maratha Invasions of Bengal and Bihar

    • 1742–1751: Period marked by recurring Maratha attacks on Bengal and Bihar.
    • 1743:
      • Two separate Maratha armies moved toward Bengal.
      • One was led by Raghuji Bhonsle.
      • The other, under Peshwa Balaji Rao, was sent to thwart Raghuji’s ambitions.
      • Balaji Rao entered Bihar from the south with 40,000 cavalry.

    Balaji Rao’s March Through Bihar

    • He advanced through:
      • Tikari
      • Gaya
      • Manpur
      • Bihar
      • Munger
      • Bhagalpur
    • Reached Rajmahal hills via Beniaganj, aided by a local Rajput.
      • British writer Holwell refers to “Beniaganj” near the foothills west of Rajmahal.
      • Another account by Rennel refers to “Beniya Gaong”, 20 miles southeast of Rajmahal.
      • Actual location likely corresponds to Baman Gawa, ~1 mile northwest of Tin-Pahar railway station, ~7 miles southwest of Rajmahal.
    • Balaji proceeded via Birbhum toward Murshidabad.

    Raghuji Bhonsle’s Parallel Advance

    • 1745: Raghuji Bhonsle marched toward Murshidabad through:
      • Birbhum
      • Santhal Pargana’s forests and hills

    1748: Afghan Revolt and Maratha Intrusion

    • 1748: Second Afghan rebellion broke out.
      • Alivardi Khan moved to Bihar to suppress it.
    • Meanwhile, Maratha army led by Mir Habib infiltrated via Santhal Pargana.
      • British records show they halted at Herupur (likely Hirapur in Pakur sub-division).
    • 1749: As Alivardi camped at Midnapore, Mir Habib’s troops looted Bengal.

    1757: Capture of Siraj-ud-Daulah in Rajmahal

    • Mir Daud, faujdar of Rajmahal and brother of Jafar Ali Khan, captured Siraj-ud-Daulah.
    • After the Battle of Plassey, Siraj was heading north by boat.
    • He disembarked at Rajmahal’s Ganga banks to rest.
    • Despite disguise, he was recognized by Dana Shah, a man previously punished by Siraj by having his nose and ears cut off.
    • Ironically, Siraj rested at the very spot where Dana Shah lived as a fakir.
    • Dana Shah informed Mir Daud, who immediately dispatched soldiers to arrest Siraj.
    • Siraj was captured and looted by the soldiers.
    • Mir Qasim, who later replaced Mir Jafar, seized Lutfunnisa’s jewel chest worth lakhs of rupees.
    • Siraj’s chief guard reached Rajmahal hours later, but it was too late.

    Death of Siraj-ud-Daulah

    • As Siraj was being taken to Murshidabad, Miran, son of Mir Jafar Ali Khan, murdered him.

    Death and Burial of Miran (1760)

    • 1760: While campaigning against the Nawab of Purnea, Miran died from a lightning strike in Champaran.
    • His body was brought back and buried at Rajmahal.
    • According to Sair-ul-Mutakhirin:
      • His body was transported in a coffin via the Ganga River.
      • Due to unbearable stench, the entourage was forced to stop at Rajmahal and bury him there.
      • A memorial still exists at the burial site.