Tag: Folk dances of Jharkhand

  • “Folk Dances and Folk Theatre of Jharkhand – Complete Guide for 2025 Exams”

    Jharkhand’s tribal and folk traditions are a living testament to its deep-rooted cultural identity, where every dance, song, and performance tells a story of the land and its people. This comprehensive guide explores the diverse folk dances and vibrant folk theatre forms that define Jharkhand’s cultural ethos—such as Dodong, Tumgo, Firkal, and Sohray dances, as well as rich folk dramas like Jat-Jatin, Sama-Chakeva, and Domkach. From rituals and festivals to marriage celebrations and seasonal festivities, each art form holds deep social and religious significance. This blog breaks down the key features, performance styles, communities involved, and traditional occasions, while also highlighting exam-relevant facts frequently asked in JPSC, JSSC, and UPSC exams. If you’re preparing for competitive exams or simply want to understand Jharkhand’s cultural soul, this blog is your complete one-stop resource for 2025 and beyond.

    Folk Songs of Jharkhand

    Munda Tribe Folk Songs

    • DoadMarriage-related folk song
    • Vir Seren – Songs related to forests
    • Sohray Lagde, Minsar, Baha, Dasay, Patwar, Rija, Data, Dhaar, Matwar, Bhinsar, Golwari, Dhurumjak, Rinjho, Jhika – Associated with various seasonal and religious events
    • Jadur – Sung during Sarhul/Baha festival
      • Gena and Ora Jadur – Complementary songs to Jadur
    • Adandi – Another marriage-related folk song
    • JapiHunting-related folk song
    • Jarga, Karma – Celebrated during tribal rituals

    Oraon Tribe Folk Songs

    • WaaSpring (Basant) folk song
    • Hairo – Sung during paddy sowing
    • Nomnama – Sung at the time of consuming new grains
    • Sarhul – Spring/Basant song
    • Jatra – Sung after Sarhul festival
    • Karma – Sung after Jatra
    • Other notable songs: Dhuriya, Asadhi, Jadura, Matha

    Special Occasion-Based Folk Songs

    • Jhanzhain – Sung by women during birth ceremonies
    • Daidhara – Sung at shrines during monsoon
    • Pratakli – Performed in the early morning
    • Adhartiyaa – Performed in midnight hours
    • KajliRainy season folk song
    • Andi – Sung by women during weddings
    • Angai – Sung by women only
    • Mar – Sung during festivals like Jitiya, Sohray, Karma, in Shumra Raga
    • Udaasi & PavasNon-dance songs:
      • Udaasi – Sung in summer
      • Pavas – Sung at the beginning of monsoon
    • Tunmuniya, Barahmasa, Jhalageet – Local forms related to Kajli genre

    Important: Kajli, Andi, Udaasi, Pavas have been previously asked in competitive exams.

    Folk Dances of Jharkhand

    1. Chhau Dance – Most renowned folk dance of Jharkhand

    • Literal meaning: Shadow
    • Originated in Saraikela, later spread to Mayurbhanj (Odisha) and Purulia (West Bengal)
    • Gained national and international acclaim
    • A male-dominated, vigorous dance form
    • First international performance: 1938 by Sudhendra Narayan Singh
    • Performed before Mahatma Gandhi in 1941

    Styles of Chhau:

    • Saraikela Chhau (Oldest style) – Jharkhand
    • Mayurbhanj Chhau – Odisha
    • Purulia Chhau – West Bengal

    Key Features:

    • Use of masks (except in Mayurbhanj style)
    • Represents mythological and historical stories
    • Combines expression of emotion and narrative structure (unlike other dances)
    • Mix of Tandava (vigorous) and Lasya (graceful) in Saraikela & Mayurbhanj
      • Purulia Chhau includes only Tandava
    • Instruments & weapons reflect Veer Rasa
    • Some dances like Kathorwa also use masks
    • No dialogues – Only background music in Saraikela style
    • Begins with Bhairav Vandana (Shiva prayer)
    • Requires Guru’s presence during performances

    UNESCO Recognition:

    • In 2010, Chhau Dance was inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List
    • In 2022, Prabhat Kumar Mahato performed it at the IPL closing ceremony in Ahmedabad

    Key Chhau Centers in Jharkhand:

    CenterLocationYear of Establishment
    Saraikela Chhau KendraSaraikela1960
    Natraj Kala KendraChoga, Ichagarh, Saraikela-Kharsawan2004
    Manbhum Chhau KendraSilli2011

    Notable Chhau Gurus & Awards:

    NameAward Year
    Sudhendra Narayan Singh1991
    Kedarnath Sahu2005
    Shyamcharan Pati2006
    Mangalacharan Mohanty2009
    Makardhwaj Darogha2011
    Pt. Gopal Prasad Dubey2012
    Guru Shashadhar Acharya2020

    2. Jadur Dance (Neer Susanko) – Performed by Oraon tribe

    • Begins after Kolom Sing-Bonga Festival (Phagun) and continues till Sarhul Festival (Chaitra)
    • Represents productivity, energy, and respect for motherland
    • A co-ed circular dance performed in rhythm
    • Women perform by running in circular paths in sync with rhythm and melody

    3. Japi Dance

    • Represents returning victorious from hunting
    • Begins with Sarhul (Chaitra) and continues till Ashadhi Festival (Ashadha)
    • A moderate-paced, co-ed group dance
    • Women hold each other’s waists and dance, surrounded by male singers and musicians

    Summary & Exam Highlights

    • Chhau Dance – Most important and internationally recognized; UNESCO 2010
    • Jadur & Japi dances – Key tribal dances of the Oraon tribe
    • Kajli, Udaasi, Pavas, Andi – Frequently asked in Jharkhand State Competitive Exams
    • Folk songs reflectAgricultural seasons, marriage, hunting, festivals, social rituals
    • Chhau Dance GurusAwards from 1991 to 2020
    • Unique attribute of Chhau – Combines dance, story, emotions, and martial arts

    1. Karama / Lahusa Dance

    • Participants: 8 men and 8 women.
    • Occasion: Performed during the Karama festival in a group setting.
    • Formation: Men and women form a circle and dance facing each other while moving back and forth.
    • Style: Performed in a bent posture.
    • Songs: Accompanied by Lahusa songs.
    • Types: Two types – Khemta and Bhinusari.

    2. Buru Dance

    • Fusion: A mix of Jadur and Karama dances.
    • Occasion: Similar to Mage and Gena festival dances.

    3. Paika Dance

    • Meaning: Paika means foot soldiers.
    • Nature: Vigorous and martial in tone.
    • Attire: Dancers dress as soldiers with a sword in one hand and a shield in the other.
    • Headgear: Decorated with colorful crests or peacock feathers.
    • Type: War dance / Martial dance, devoid of songs.
    • Features: Involves martial art techniques.
    • Performers: Only male dancers, in pairs of 5, 7, or 9.
    • Communities: Practiced by both Adivasi and Sadan communities.
    • Tribe: Most popular among the Munda tribe.
    • Recognition: Performed under Dr. Ramdayal Munda at Festival of India (Russia, 1987); widely appreciated.
    • Notable Artists: Shivshankar Mahto, Ramprasad Mahli, Ashok Kachhap.

    4. Jatra Dance

    • Also Known As: Kuading Dance.
    • Community: Performed by the Oraon tribe.
    • Formation: Men and women dance in circular or semi-circular patterns, holding hands.

    5. Natua Dance

    • Nature: Male-dominated dance.
    • Theme: Men dress as women and perform.

    6. Nachni Dance

    • Type: A professional dance form.
    • Occasion: Celebrated during Kartik Purnima.
    • Roles: Female Nachni dances with male Rasik.

    7. Kali Dance

    • Male-centric dance with a central female dancer (Kali).
    • Appearance: Kali wears elaborate ornaments and a crown (mukut).
    • Symbolism: Represents the blooming of flowers and beauty.
    • Themes: Based on Radha-Krishna love songs.
    • Instruments: Nagara, Dhaak, Dhol, Mandar, Shehnai.

    8. Agni Dance

    • Type: A religious dance.
    • Purpose: Devoted to worship of ‘Sheel’.
    • Occasion: Performed during Manda or Bipoo Puja.

    9. Manda / Bhagatia Dance

    • Gender: Male dance, includes all age groups.
    • Rituals: Women carry water in pots and purify dancers with mango leaves.
    • Music: No singing, only instrumental – Dhaak, Nagara, Shehnai.
    • Deity: Devotional dance for Lord Shiva.
    • Nature: Performed with sattvik (pure) emotions.

    10. Matha Dance

    • Festival: Performed during Sohrai.
    • Participants: Predominantly male, though women also participate in Oraon tribe.
    • Communities: Practiced by Adivasi and Sadan communities.

    11. Jhumar Dance

    • Occasion: During harvest season and also weddings/festivals.
    • Nature: Female-dominated group dance.
    • Formation: Performed in a circle.

    Types of Jhumar:

    (a) Kariya Jhumar

    • Female-oriented; dancers hold hands and move in circles.

    (b) Udhua Jhumar

    • Characterized by intense expressions.

    (c) Raski Jhumar

    • Performed at high speed and full of romantic energy.

    (d) Pahil Sanjha Jhumar

    • Performed in the early night hours, slow to medium speed.

    (e) Adh Ratiya Jhumar

    • Midnight dance with intense rhythm.

    (f) Bhinsariya Jhumar

    • Performed in the early morning hours at medium tempo.

    12. Mardani Jhumar Dance

    • Male-dominated dance.
    • Feature: Includes singing of powerful songs by a chorus.

    13. Thadiya Dance

    • Type: Similar to Jhumar.
    • Style: Danced in upright posture, hence the name “Thadiya” (standing).
    • Participants: Both men and women.

    14. Angnai Dance

    • Female-centric, though sometimes men also participate.
    • Occasion: Mostly performed during Karama and Jitiya festivals.

    15. Luhari Dance

    • Style: Swaying movement during Jhumar.
    • Participants: Both genders.
    • Also Known As: Luhakua Dance.
    • Type: A style of Angnai dance.

    16. Dadra Dhara Dance

    • Male-dominated Jhumar variant.
    • Formation: Dancers hold each other’s waist, forming lines.
    • Technique: Includes expressive hand, foot, and body movements with rhythm.

    17. Kathorwa Dance

    • Gender: Male-only.
    • Feature: Dancers wear masks during performance.

    Key Takeaways for Competitive Exams (Highlighted Facts)

    • Karama / Lahusa Dance: Performed during Karama festival, 8 males & 8 females
    • Paika Dance: Martial dance by Munda tribe, swords & shields used
    • Jatra Dance: Performed by Oraon tribe
    • Natua Dance: Males dress as females
    • Agni Dance: Worship of ‘Sheel’ deity
    • Jhumar Dance: Female-dominated, performed during harvest
    • Kariya Jhumar: Prominent female variant of Jhumar

    Mundari Dance (Munda Tribe)

    • Performed by the Munda tribe.
    • Dancers wear colorful traditional attire.
    • Major types include: Jadur, Orjadur, Neerjadur, Chitid, Japi, Gena, Chhav, Baru, Jali.

    Gena Dance:

    • Women hold each other’s waists and dance in rows.
    • Symbolizes enthusiasm after victory.

    Japi Dance:

    • A group dance involving both men and women.
    • Dancers, musicians, and singers are encircled by women.
    • Women sing the final line of the songs initiated by men.
    • Celebrates successful hunting expeditions.

    Chitid Dance

    • A female-dominated dance.
    • Known for its hand gestures (joined hands) and distinctive footwork.
    • Performed during Karama and Jarga festivals in traditional village squares (Akhra).
    • Includes devotional songs.
    • It is a worship dance.

    Gaung Dance (Ho Tribe)

    • Popular among the Ho tribe.

    Mage/Maghe Dance (Ho Tribe)

    • A group dance with both men and women participating.
    • Celebrated during the Magh Purnima.
    • Singers and musicians are surrounded by dancers.

    Langde Dance (Santhal Tribe)

    • Performed by the Santhal tribe.
    • Celebrated during festivals or joyous events.

    Baha Dance (Santhal Tribe)

    • Celebrated during Baha (Sarhul) festival.
    • Includes use of Sal and Mahua fruits.
    • Performed at Jaher or Sarna (sacred groves).
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.

    Ba Dance (Ho Tribe)

    • One of the main dances of the Ho tribe.
    • Celebrated during Sarhul festival.
    • Both men and women perform this dance.

    Dahar Dance (Santhal Tribe)

    • Performed on roads, mainly during Magha Bonga festival (Magh month).
    • Men and women participate together.
    • Instruments used: Mandar, Nagara, Turhi, Dhang, Bell.
    • Performed in the village Akhra.
    • Also known as Langde Dance.

    Dasai Dance

    • Conducted five days before Dussehra.
    • Male dancers dress like women and dance with musical instruments.
    • Instruments include:
      • Bhuang (made from dried gourd),
      • Thali (metal plate),
      • Bell.
    • Begins with mourning cries (“Hai Re Hai”) and ends with “Dehel-Dehel” (signifying victory).
    • Originated during the time when tribal freedom fighters were captured and men disguised as women searched for them.
    • Starts with prayers to Goddess Durga.

    Dasain Dance (Santhal Tribe)

    • Celebrated during Dussehra.
    • Men dress in women’s attire and dance in courtyards.
    • Performed from the first day of Dussehra to Vijayadashami.
    • Dancers collect grains from households.
    • Instrument used: Kartal (clapper).
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.

    Hero Dance

    • Performed after rice sowing.
    • Both men and women participate using traditional instruments.
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.

    Domkach Dance

    • Performed during weddings, particularly in the courtyards of the bride and groom’s house before the wedding.
    • Mainly a female-centric dance.
    • Two groups of women:
      • One sings the initial lines.
      • The other repeats the chorus.
    • Instruments used: Shehnai, Bansuri, Mandar, Dhol, Nagara, Thechuka, Kartal, Jhanj, etc.
    • Variants include: Jashpuriya, Asamiya, Jhumta.
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.

    Horse Dance (Ghoda Dance)

    • Performed during fairs, festivals, and wedding processions.
    • Dancers craft a legless horse figure using bamboo wheels.
    • Carry reins in one hand and a sword in the other.
    • Famous exponent: Pandey Durganath Rai from Nagpuri region.
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.

    Jarga Dance

    • Celebrated in Magh month.
    • Women perform this dance collectively.
    • Known for footwork precision.

    Orjarga Dance

    • Performed alongside Jarga dance.
    • Women dance in a square formation with fast movements.
    • Men perform singing and instrumental roles in the center.

    Sohrai Dance

    • Dedicated to domestic animals.
    • Conducted on the second day after Diwali.
    • Women sing Chumawadi songs.
      ✓ Asked in Jharkhand exams.
    • Men sing Gram-jamaw songs while dancing.
    • Performed from house to house and in open areas.

    Angnai Dance (Sadan Communities)

    • A religious dance performed during worship ceremonies.
    • Common among Sadan (non-tribal) communities.
    • Types include:
      • Chadhnatari,
      • Rasleela,
      • Thadia,
      • Khemta.

    Jomanma Dance

    • Performed to celebrate the joy of harvesting new grains.
    • Both men and women dance in groups.
    • Instruments used: Mandar, Nagara, Banam.

    Gena and Japid Dance

    • Women form a line to dance together, while men dance freely.
    • Men also play musical instruments during the performance.

    Tusu Dance

    • Women-centric dance, performed during Makar Sankranti.
    • Women float a symbolic idol of Tusu (Chaudal) in water.
    • The dance is done collectively by women.

    Raas Dance

    • Performed on the occasion of Kartik Purnima.
    • Women dance in the center while men sing, play instruments, and accompany them.

    Racha Dance (also known as Baraya, Khadia dance)

    • Especially popular in the south-western region of Khunti district.
    • In the first phase, women move toward men, who step back.
    • In the second phase, men sing while women are rhythmically sent back.
    • Instruments: Mandar and bells.

    Dhuria Dance

    • Popular among the Oraon tribe.
    • Celebrated after sowing seeds and seasonal changes in the fields.
    • Dancers kick up dust while dancing, symbolizing the change.
    • Accompanied by Mandar beats.

    Kali Dance

    • Women-only dance, with performers wearing make-up and crowns.
    • Focuses on Radha-Krishna romantic themes.
    • Also known as Nachni-Kheladi dance.

    Doha Dance

    • Practiced by the Santhal tribe.
    • Performed during wedding ceremonies at both bride and groom’s houses.
    • Also called Daram-Dah dance.

    Donged Dance

    • Male-dominated dance of the Santhal tribe.
    • Performed in the forest during group hunting.
    • Use of musical instruments is common.

    Sankatulya Sansay Dance

    • Performed on Dussehra, inside the Guru Griha (teacher’s house).
    • Associated with mantra learning and occult practices.
    • Men dress as women, wear female ornaments, and perform.
    • Instruments: Fire, Nagara, Dank, Flute, Turhi, Banam.

    Dosami Dance

    • Performed in Aghan month at the Jaher (sacred grove) site.
    • Instruments used: Mandar, Nagara, Tamak, Bell.
    • The Langre song is sung during the dance.

    Sakrat Dance

    • Common among the Santhal tribe.
    • Celebrated in Poush month, following a doorframe worship ritual.
    • Both men and women participate.

    Halka Dance

    • Both men and women participate in separate groups.
    • Singing and dancing are combined.
    • Ends with dancers striking the ground with feet to lighten the body.
    • Paad songs are sung during the performance.
    • The second group only dances after the first finishes.

    Doyor Dance

    • A form of Halka dance.
    • Dancers carry a stick on their shoulders.
    • Movement is done in a snake-like (serpentine) motion.

    Phagua Dance

    • Male-dominated dance of the Phalgun-Chaitra seasonal junction.
    • Celebrated during Holi or Basant Utsav.
    • Instruments: Shehnai, Flute, Murli, Dhol, Nagara, Karha, Dank, Mandar.
    • Variants:
      • Panchrangi Phagua: Changes raag (melody) with every stanza.
      • Phagua Puchhari: Two groups engage in melodic Q&A format.

    Kadsa Dance

    • Performed while carrying Kalash (sacred pots).
    • Female-centric dance.
    • Women carry pots on heads or shoulders and dance.
    • Men do not dance but play instruments.
    • Performed during festivals or welcoming guests.

    Maitkodh and Padkatna Dance

    • Performed during pre-wedding rituals like digging clay or fetching water.
    • Two women hold each other’s waists and dance.
    • Only instruments are played; no songs are sung.

    Hariyo Dance

    • Youth group (Jatra) dance.
    • Men and women dance together in a circle at high speed.

    Kinbhar Dance

    • Performed from Phalgun to Baisakh.
    • Held in home courtyards.
    • Dancers chant “Ho Hare Hai Re” while performing.

    Jeth Lahsua Dance

    • Performed on nights in Jeth month.
    • Held at Akhra ground.
    • Participated by Kharia tribe’s youth (both genders).

    Phaggu Khadi Dance

    • Performed while awaiting Sarhul festival.
    • Begins in Phalgun.
    • Ends with the sound of “Hurrey” being chanted.

    Exam-Important Folk Dances of Jharkhand

    These dances are frequently asked in competitive exams in Jharkhand and other cultural awareness tests:

    • Tusu Dance
    • Raas Dance
    • Dhuria Dance
    • Doha (Daram-Dah) Dance
    • Phagua Dance
    • Kadsa Dance
    • Sankatulya Sansay Dance
    • Dosami Dance
    • Sakrat Dance
    • Jeth Lahsua Dance
    • Phaggu Khadi Dance

    Dodong Dance

    • Performed in two rows with dancers standing side by side.
    • It is a variant of the Jadur dance.
    • Practiced among Munda and Sadan communities.
    • Mandar (drum) plays a key role in this dance.
    • The phrase ‘Kheil lajhar lajhair’ is chanted.
    • Also known as Javira dance. (Important for exams)

    Tumgo Dance

    • Performed after the Karama festival concludes.
    • People of all age groups participate.
    • Mandar is played during the performance.
    • Dancers move forward while holding each other’s arms, chanting ‘Chala Haare Haare’.

    Phirkal Dance

    • Known as Jharkhand’s Kalaripayattu – a martial-style dance. (Exam-relevant fact)
    • Inspired by Kerala’s Kalaripayattu martial art.
    • Found in Janumdeeh (Jamshedpur).
    • The dance is in a revival phase.
    • Performed by the Bhumij community, seen as a symbol of their glorious past.

    Sohrai Dance

    • Involves worship of cattle sheds (goshalas).
    • Males sing ‘Gaon Jamav’ songs; females sing ‘Chumavdi’ songs.
    • Also found in Janumdeeh (Jamshedpur) and associated with the Bhumij community.
    • The dance is considered a mark of ethnic pride.

    Important Months Associated with Major Dances

    DanceMonth / Festival
    Jadur DancePhagun to Chaitra (Sarhul)
    Japi DanceChaitra to Ashadh
    Karama DanceAshadh to Bhadon, Kartik
    SohraiKartik
    Magh ParvKartik to Phagun

    Classification by Performer Gender

    Male-Dominated Dances

    • Chad
    • Paika
    • Natua
    • Phirkal
    • Kathorba
    • Mardani Jhumar
    • Dasai
    • Dainddhara
    • Dasay
    • Manda
    • Fagua
    • Hunta
    • Raas

    Female-Dominated Dances

    • Umkach
    • Angnai
    • Kariya
    • Janani Jhumar
    • Dush
    • Kali
    • Gena
    • Jarga

    Mixed (Male & Female) Dances

    • Jomnama Maghe
    • Nachni
    • Sakraw
    • Karma or Raya
    • Hero
    • Hario
    • Halka
    • Jatra
    • Japi
    • Jadur
    • Thadhiya

    Folk Theatres of Jharkhand

    1. Jat-Jatin

    • Performed annually from Shravan to Kartik.
    • Acted by unmarried girls.
    • Depicts marital life of Jat and Jatin. (Frequently asked in exams)

    2. Bhakuli-Banka

    • Also performed between Shravan to Kartik.
    • Often showcased alongside Jat-Jatin.
    • Represents the conjugal life of Bhakuli (wife) and Banka (husband).

    3. Sama-Chakeva

    • Staged from Saptami to Purnima of Kartik Shukla Paksha.
    • Earthen idols are made; young girls act on their behalf.
    • Main characters:
      • Sama (heroine)
      • Chakeva (hero)
      • Chudak/Chugla (villain)
      • Samba (Sama’s brother)
    • Based on sacred sibling bond.
    • Presented through question-answer styled group songs.

    4. Domkach

    • A female-only household folk drama, mainly for weddings and festive occasions.
    • Known for humor, satire, and even suggestive expressions/dialogues.
    • Not performed publicly; men are forbidden to watch.

    5. Lok

    • A night-long folk theatre organized during weddings or social events.

    6. Kirtaniya

    • Enacted through songs glorifying Lord Krishna’s divine plays (leelas).

    Exam Tips and Key Highlights

    • Javira, Phirkal, Sama-Chakeva, and Jat-Jatin are frequently asked in Jharkhand State Exams.
    • Bhumij community prominently practices Phirkal and Sohrai dances.
    • The Mandar drum is essential in multiple dances (Dodong, Tumgo).
    • Female-exclusive folk theatre like Domkach may be asked under gender-specific cultural traditions.

  • Cultural Life of Jharkhand: Festivals, Music, Dance, Instruments, and Languages

    Jharkhand, a vibrant state in eastern India, is home to a rich cultural mosaic shaped by numerous tribal and non-tribal communities. This diversity finds expression in its festivals, dances, music, instruments, and languages. Below is a comprehensive look into the cultural elements that define the lives of people in Jharkhand:

    Major Cultural Elements of Jharkhand

    The cultural life of Jharkhand includes many components, but the following are key elements studied as primary aspects:

    • Festivals and Celebrations
    • Dance and Music
    • Musical Instruments
    • Languages

    Tribal Festivals of Jharkhand

    Tribal festivals are often shared across communities. Here’s a look at some major ones:

    • Santhal: Erok, Hariar Japad, Sohrai, Sakrat, Baha
    • Oraon: Khaddi, Karma, Sohrai, Chandi, Maghe, Phagu, Jatra, Holi, Diwali, Chhath, Ramnavami
    • Munda: Sarhul, Karma, Sohrai, Buru Puja, Fagu, Magh
    • Ho: Maghi, Baha, Dumuri, Horo, Kolom, Batauli
    • Pahadia (Sauriya & Mal): Gangi Adaya, Punu Adaya, Osra Adaya, Karra Puja, Maghi, Ghanghara Puja
    • Bhumij: Chait Puja, Dhulia Puja, Karam Puja, Kali Puja
    • Kharia: Giding, Ponmosor, Pitr Puja, Bhandanda, Sarhul, Karam, Rath Yatra
    • Kharwar, Mahli, Lohra: Celebrate Sarhul, Karam, Holi, Diwali, Chhath, Jitiya, Durga Puja
    • Bedia, Chick Baraik, Gond, Chero: Celebrate both tribal and Hindu festivals
    • Korwa, Karmlis, Parahiya, Godait, Bedia, Asur, Birhor, Birjia, Sabar, Bathudi, Banjara, Baiga, Kisan, Khar, Kawar, Kol: Have unique nature- and ancestor-based rituals along with Hindu festivals.

    Dance and Music in Jharkhand

    • Due to the lack of written historical records, the roots of Jharkhand’s cultural evolution are traced through oral traditions—folk songs, tales, and legends.
    • The Asur tribe, considered the original inhabitants of the forested Jharkhand region, had their own language, music, and lifestyle.
    • Over time, Munda, Santhal, Ho, Kharia (Austroasiatic), Oraon (Dravidian), and Sadan (Indo-Aryan) communities migrated and settled in Jharkhand.
    • Cultural coexistence developed as communities lived together or side-by-side.
    • Linguistic and cultural integration led to a shared community culture that formed today’s distinct Jharkhandi identity.
    • This fusion of traditions influenced folk literature, language, and especially music and dance.

    Musical Instruments of Jharkhand

    • Despite linguistic differences, the musical instruments used across communities are mostly the same, showing strong cultural integration.

    Major Traditional Instruments:

    • Murli
    • Bansuri (flute)
    • Banam
    • Tuila
    • Shehnai
    • Dhol
    • Dhak
    • Nagada
    • Bheir
    • Turhi
    • Dhap
    • Mridang
    • Mandar
    • Kendra
    • Jhaal
    • Gubgubi
    • Chodchodi

    These instruments are used widely in songs and dances across Jharkhand.

    Folk Music of Jharkhand

    Folk music is categorized into two main types:

    1. Tribal Folk Music

    • Includes songs of Santali, Mundari, Ho, Kharia, Oraon, and other tribes.

    2. Regional (Sadan) Folk Music

    • Includes Nagpuri, Kurmali, Khortha, Panchpargania folk songs.
    • Migrant communities from other states have also brought new musical influences.

    Nagpuri Folk Music

    • Nagpuri is the richest among Sadan languages in terms of folk music.
    • It includes both folk and refined songs, vital to the survival of Nagpuri music traditions.
    • While it draws influence from neighboring states and tribal music, it has distinct features not found in other regional music styles.

    Unique Features of Nagpuri Music:

    • Special musical modes include:
      • Mardana Jhumar
      • Janani Jhumar
      • Angnai
      • Phagua
      • Udasi
      • Pawas songs
    • These ragas and melodies are exclusive to Nagpuri and absent in other languages.

    Forms of Nagpuri Songs:

    1. Seasonal Songs
      • Phagua (Holi songs)
      • Udasi
      • Pawas
      • Bhadwahi
      • Kajli
    2. Festival Songs
      • Teej
      • Karma
      • Jitiya
      • Sohrai
    3. Ritual Songs
      • Devi Geet
      • Jhanjhin
      • Bida Geet
      • Lair
    4. Dance Songs
      • Mardana Jhumar
      • Janani Jhumar
      • Damkach
      • Lujhri
      • Thadhiya
      • Daindhara
      • Khemta
    • Sung during Holi
    • Performed in groups by men
    • Involve facing each other while singing and dancing

    Seasonal and Emotional Folk Songs

    • Udasi Songs:
      • Sung during the summer season with a devotional undertone.
      • Characterized by a long melodic pattern with a high number of words in each line.
      • Typically performed without instruments.
      • Lyrics reflect both Nirguna (formless divine) and Saguna (divine with form) devotion.
    • Pawas Songs:
      • Sung by men during the monsoon.
      • These songs are melodically richer compared to other Nagpuri songs.
    • Bhadwahi Songs:
      • Believed to be influenced by Kurmali traditions.
      • Mostly sung during the rainy season.

    Festival Songs

    • Karma Songs:
      • Performed during the Karma festival.
      • Women sing and dance together in courtyards or traditional grounds (Akhra).
    • Sohrai Songs:
      • Associated with the Sohrai festival around Diwali.
      • Celebrated across Jharkhand with great enthusiasm.

    Ritual Songs

    • Sanskar Geet:
      • Folk songs associated with life’s milestones from birth onwards.
      • Widely found in the Nagpuri tradition.
    • Biha Geet (Wedding Songs):
      • Sung during wedding ceremonies from pre-wedding rituals to the departure of the bride.
      • Include a wide variety of themed songs tied to specific wedding customs.

    Dance Songs

    • Mardana Jhumar:
      • A powerful, masculine dance performed by men.
      • High-energy movements accompanied by songs.
    • Janani Jhumar:
      • Performed by women during festivals and social gatherings.
      • Typically performed in groups.
    • Daidhara:
      • Involves dancing with sticks or holding each other’s waists.
      • Popular in other Sadani languages as well.
    • Types of Dance Songs:
      • Includes styles like Jhumar, Golwari, Khemta, Rang, and Jhingphulia.
      • Jhumar in this region is a variant of Panchpargania Jhumar.
      • Fast-paced ragas like Khemta, Rang, and Hingfulia are part of the performance.
    • Damkach Songs:
      • A dance-based raga performed by women.
      • Variants include Ekheriya, Dohari, and Shumta.
      • Primarily celebratory, especially at weddings.

    Kurmali Folk Music

    • Folk music and dance form the essence of Kurmali culture.
    • Every Kurmali ritual involves music and dance.
    • Seasonal themes dominate Kurmali songs.
    • Performances involve synchronized male and female participation.

    Prominent Kurmali Songs:

    • Tusu:
      • Sung by women from the first day of Paush month to Makar Sankranti.
    • Dhap Geet:
      • Sung by men from Agahan to Phalgun.
      • Reflects themes of renunciation.
    • Sarhul:
      • Performed during the spring Sarhul festival.
      • Involves group dance and singing.
    • Pata Song:
      • Known as Barahmasiya Geet.
      • A group dance where men and women hold hands or waists and dance in a circular motion.
    • Udhwa:
      • Sung from Paush Sankranti to Ashadh.
      • Follows a question-answer format.
      • Considered a sophisticated raga.
    • Adhaiya:
      • A “two-and-a-half steps” dance performed after Karma festival.
      • Multiple rhythmic patterns are used.
    • Other Kurmali Musical Forms:
      • Daharwa, Chanchhar, Kunwari Jhupan, Ropni Sangeet, Sanskar Geet.

    Khortha Folk Music

    • Includes diverse ragas such as Bhadria, Bhatiyali, Jhumta, Khemta, Luhari, Sohrai, Sarhul, Boodi, Kisani, Udhwa, Raswari, Rasa Dance, Chachair, Govar Kanda, Jagwa, Bhokaran, and Barahmasia.
    • Shared elements with other Sadani languages.
    • Jhumar variations include Bhadria, Malhariya, Jhingphuria, Golwari, Daid, Jhumra, etc.

    Specific Song Types:

    • Udhwa or Rinja:
      • Sung loudly without instruments; also called Rinja.
    • Karma Song:
      • Women sing while locking arms and dancing during Karma festival.
    • Bhokaran:
      • Sung during Shivratri as groups go house to house.
      • Includes multiple melodies.
    • Rasa Dance:
      • Solo or duo dances during Kartik Purnima.
      • Accompanied by a special musical composition.
    • Sohrai:
      • Songs like Chachair, Govarkanda, and Gai Jagwa are sung after Diwali.
    • Boodi:
      • Performed in Makar Sankranti fairs.
      • Features a “kul-kuli” shout after every few lines.
    • Harabadiya:
      • Q&A format songs.
    • Sanskar Geet & Fagua:
      • Ritual and spring songs influenced by other regional languages like Nagpuri, Bengali, and Magahi.

    Panchpargania Folk Music

    • Spoken in Budhu, Tamar, Silli, Sonahatu, Rahe, Adki, and Angara blocks.
    • A linguistic amalgamation of Nagpuri, Kurmali, Khortha, and local Tamariya.
    • Folk songs and dances share similarities with Kurmali and Nagpuri.

    Key Features:

    • Influenced by Bengali folk due to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu’s travels.
    • Distinct Jhumar style with local flair.
    • Rasleela-themed solo and group dances.
    • Incorporates ragas like Rang, Khemta, Lahsua, Jhingphulia, Luhari.
    • Major folk songs include Sanskar Geet, Karma Geet, Jitiya Geet, Sohrai Geet, Tusu Geet, Bhadria.

    Distinctive Features of Jharkhand Folk Music

    • Based on:
      • Seasonal rhythms
      • Labour and celebration
      • Joy and devotion
    • Performed:
      • Individually or in groups
      • With or without instruments
      • While walking, resting, or dancing
    • Rich in melodic intensity and emotional expression.

    Dance Culture of Jharkhand

    • Dances are communal—no spectators, everyone participates.
    • Each participant excels in singing, instrument playing, or dancing.
    • No solo dances; group format is universal among both tribal and Sadani communities.
    • Common instruments and rhythmic styles across groups.
    • Cultural similarity exists among Nagpuri, Kurmali, Khortha, and Panchpargania.

    Broader Linguistic and Cultural Influence

    • Sadani languages show structural unity with regional variations in style.
    • Austroasiatic group (Mundari, Santali, Ho, Kharia) and Dravidian group (Oraon) have distinct styles, yet some shared elements.
    • Across all traditions, folk music and dance are reflections of daily life, nature, and spiritual beliefs.

    Common Characteristics of Jharkhandi Dance

    • All traditional dances in Jharkhand are community-centered and participatory, not spectator-based.
    • Dances are known by different names and forms depending on the season, festivals, or special occasions — e.g., Phagua Dance, Manda Nach, Bhagtiya Dance, Sohrai Dance, Maitkodan, and Pain Katan.
    • Song and instrumental music are usually integral to dances, though a few dances may be performed without singing.
    • Instruments like shehnai, flute, madar, dhol, dhang, nagada, and bheir are used to provide rhythm and regulate dance movements.
    • In Nagpuri society, the word “khel” or “khelek” (meaning to play) is often used instead of “dance,” such as in:
      • Akhra Khelek (to dance in the akhra)
      • Damkach Khelekaiya (one who dances the Damkach)

    Variety and Themes in Dance

    • Some folk songs like Pawas, Udasi, wedding songs, and Prabhati are primarily song-based and not accompanied by dance.
    • Jharkhand’s dances reflect various rasas (emotional themes), including:
      • Devotion (Bhakti)
      • Romance (Shringar)
      • Compassion (Karuna)
      • Heroism (Veer)
      • Peace (Shanta)
      • Hunting and Warfare

    Gender-Specific and Inclusive Dances

    • Male-dominated dances:
      • Chhau, Natua, Padka, Manda, Mardani Jhumar, Phagua, Ghoda Nach
    • Female-dominated dances:
      • Kali, Nachni, Kheldi, Janani Jhumar, Angnai, Damkach, Maitkodan, Pain Katan
    • Children’s dances and joint male-female dances are also common:
      • Udiya, Golwari, Lahsua, Lujhri are performed by both men and women together.

    Form and Movement in Dance

    • Women often form rows or circular formations, dancing while holding each other:
      • By locking arms shoulder-to-shoulder.
      • By clasping palms or interlocking fingers.
      • By holding each other’s waist or shoulders.
    • Movements vary in speed and direction:
      • Slow to fast pace.
      • Forward and backward steps.
      • Left-to-right or right-to-left motions.
      • Spiral, zigzag, crouching, springing, or swaying forms.
    • Certain dances are simple, like Janani Jhumar.
    • Some are complex and athletic, such as Mardani Jhumar, Chhau, Paika, Natua.

    Use of Musical Instruments

    • Most traditional instruments are large and heavy, like nagada, dhang, dholak, mandar, bheir, and narsingha.
    • These are usually played by men, as the weight and power required are significant.
    • Women rarely play these instruments but may use small percussion items like kartal, manjira, or jhanjh.
    • Men may dance while playing instruments, combining rhythm with performance.
    • Singers often dance independently while singing.

    Costumes and Masks in Dance

    • Some dances require special costumes and adornments:
      • Mardani Jhumar, Paika, Natua, Ghoda Nach, Bhagtiya, Chhau, Kali Nach
    • Masks are used in certain dances like Chhau, but in some areas (like Khunti), Chhau is performed without masks.

    Cultural Values and Decorum

    • All Jharkhandi dances are graceful and dignified.
    • There is no space for vulgarity or obscenity, as the whole family and village participate.
    • Dances occur in the presence of elders, children, siblings, and in-laws, ensuring cultural propriety.

    Rhythm and Physicality

    • Dances are performed at varied speeds:
      • Some are fast-paced, others are medium or slow.
    • Movements often include flexing and vibrating of different body parts:
      • Chest, shoulders, arms, legs, head, waist.
    • Dances like Mardani Jhumar, Chhau, Padka, and Natua display dynamic motion and martial vigor.

    Regional Dance Styles (with Examples)

    Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Khortha, Kurmali Dances (Sadani Group)

    • Widely performed and culturally dominant in Jharkhand.
    • Prominent dances include:
      • Chhau, Padka, Natua, Kali, Nachni, Kheldi, Manda, Bhagtiya
      • Mardani Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Angnai, Damkach, Ekheriya, Dohari
      • Jashpuriya, Asamiya, Golwari, Jhuma, Khemta, Udiya, Sandhara
      • Lahsua, Lujhri, Pahil Sanjha, Adhratiya, Minsariya
      • Phagua ka Puchari, Rang, Panchrangi, Maitkodan, Pain Katan
      • Bangla Jhumar, Ras, Udhwa Matha, Jadura, Dadhar, Yanchhar
      • Khariya, Baraya, Jatra, Dhol, Ghoda Nach, Modern dance forms

    Notable Dance Forms

    • Phagua:
      • A male-centric dance performed during the transition from Phalgun (Feb–March) to Chaitra.
      • Preparations begin as spring approaches.
    • Domkach, Thadhiya, Dainidhar, Bhinsariya, Udasi, Pawas:
      • Each has seasonal and cultural significance.
      • Reflect regional variations and themes of joy, longing, or devotion.

    Panchpargania Dance

    • Practiced in Bundu, Tamar, Sonahatu, Silli, and Barenda regions.
    • Though influenced by Nagpuri, Khortha, and tribal styles, Panchpargania dances have their unique flavor.
    • Prominent dances include:
      • Ras, Bangla Jhumar, Tusu, Khemta, Lahsua, Lujhri, Karam, Sohrai
    • Dance style resembles Sadani dances, with Bengali musical influence in melodies.

    Khortha Dance

    • Shares strong similarities with Sadani dances but retains its distinctiveness.
    • Key dances include:
      • Karam, Ras, Sohrai, Bandi, and others.

    Kurmali Dance

    • The Kurmali culture shares close ties with the Sadan (non-tribal) culture, yet retains distinct characteristics in its music and dance.
    • Dance postures and styles show similarities with other Jharkhandi traditions.
    • Both men and women perform dances, either in separate groups or together in unison.
    • Besides the Kurmali dance, other prominent dances include:
      • Tusu
      • Sarhul
      • Pata
      • Adhaiya
    • Each of these dances reflects the tribe’s unique cultural identity.

    5. Mundari Dance

    • The Munda community is known for its distinct language and cultural practices.
    • Their dances correspond to changes in season and are integral to the celebration of various festivals and rituals throughout the year.
    • Festivals in Munda society are incomplete without dance and music.
    • Notable dances of the Munda community include:
      • Jadur
      • Ordur
      • Japi
      • Gena
      • Chitid
      • Chhav
      • Karam
      • Khetma
      • Jarga
      • Orjarga
      • Jatra
      • Paika
      • Buru
      • Jali
    • Unique Feature: Men do not join women’s dance groups.

    6. Santal Dance

    • The Santals belong to the Munda ethnic group and are one of the largest Austroasiatic tribal groups.
    • Despite cultural similarities with the Mundas, Santals have distinctive dance and musical forms.
    • Their dances are seasonal and aligned with the agricultural and festive calendar, except during the months of Shravan and Bhadon, when farming activities are at their peak.
    • Santal dances fall into three categories:
      1. War and Hunting Dances
      2. Religious Dances
      3. Social Dances
    • Major Santal dances include:
      • Dahar
      • Baha
      • Langre
      • Doda
      • Doger
      • Dasai
      • Shikari
      • Sohrai
      • Dosami

    7. Ho Dance

    • The Ho community is a unique subgroup of the Munda ethnic lineage.
    • Like others, they are part of the Austroasiatic language family.
    • Their music and dance hold a special place within their cultural expression.
    • Key dances include:
      • Magh
      • Vivah (Wedding) Dance
      • Ba
      • Hero
      • Jomnam
      • Dasai
      • Sohrai

    8. Kharia Dance

    • Although part of the Austroasiatic family, the Kharias are not as closely related to the Mundas and Santals.
    • They maintain a separate cultural identity.
    • While their musical traditions resemble other tribal communities, they retain unique styles and presentations.
    • Dance is central to Kharia society, performed according to seasons, festivals, and special occasions.
    • Strong communal participation is a hallmark; entire villages dance together.
    • Women often dance in straight lines, holding hands or individually, and sometimes in multiple rows.
    • Men may join these dances or perform separately.
    • Popular musical instruments: Mandar, Nagara, Dhol
    • Notable Kharia dances include:
      • Hario
      • Kinbhar Halka
      • Kuaading
      • Indo Kuaading
      • Doyor Jadura
      • Jeth Lahsua
      • Kubar Aghani Lahsua
      • Jethwari Udiya
      • Karam Udiya
      • Jethwari Thoylo
      • Jethwari
      • Angnai
      • Chait-Vaishakh Thadhiya
      • Chait-Vaishakh Lahsua
      • Dholki Saylo

    9. Oraon Dance

    • The Oraons belong to the Dravidian linguistic family and hold a significant place in Jharkhand’s tribal demography.
    • Highly fond of music, their dance forms are rich in diversity and creativity.
    • Their costumes and musical instruments are visually captivating.
    • Instruments include:
      • Mandar
      • Nagara
      • Thechka
      • Ghanti
      • Tirio
    • Their dance traditions are observed all year round, with no celebration considered complete without music and dance.
    • Some songs are performed without instruments or dance.
    • Besides Kudukh songs, Nagpuri (Sadri) songs are also widely popular among Oraons.
    • W.G. Archer and Dharmdas Lakra have collected many Oraon folk songs as evidence of this musical richness.
    • Many wedding songs and ritual songs are composed in both Kuduk and Nagpuri languages.
    • Due to their long association with the Sadans, Mundas, and Kharias, cultural cross-influence is natural.
    • Dance formations usually involve women forming lines, joined by holding hands or shoulders. Men may join as well.
    • Dance movements are often symbolic and aesthetic. For instance:
      • Totakana – stepping two steps back quickly.
      • Langdana – moving forward with grace.
      • Holding hands or shoulders in a line is called Jodna.
    • The Mandar player holds a central role in setting rhythm and guiding the dance.
    • Today, even women have started playing Mandar in the Oraon community.
    • Prominent Oraon dances include:
      • Phar
      • Khadijadi
      • Jethwari
      • Ropa
      • Karam
      • Turga
      • Damkach
      • Jhumair Dodong
      • Ghudhiya
      • Surgujiya
      • Cha Tutta
      • Deshwari
      • Khaddi Lujki
      • Udariya
      • Jethwari Lahsua
      • Gharaghdiyawari Thadhiya
      • Asari
      • Angnai
      • Chali
      • Chali Riyo Re
      • Karam Mairi
      • Birinjhiya

    Musical Instruments of Jharkhand

    • Music and dance are vital to Jharkhand’s cultural and social life.
    • A local proverb aptly states: “To walk is to dance, and to speak is to sing.”
    • Musical instruments have been used since ancient times for festivals, weddings, worship, and community celebrations.
    • Instruments are mostly handcrafted from local materials and hold great cultural value.
    • Essential instruments like Mandar, Nagara, and Bansuri are considered the soul of Jharkhandi music.
    • Instruction in playing instruments traditionally takes place in Akhara, Dhumkuriya, or Giti-Ora.
    • The Akhara serves as both the training ground and the guru.
    • Rhythm (taal) is the backbone of both songs and dance movements.
    • Women traditionally play light instruments like:
      • Ghungroo
      • Thechka
      • Kartal
    • Heavier instruments such as Nagada, Dhaak, Dhol are usually played by men.
    • Even lightweight instruments like Flute, Shehnai, Kendra, and Tuhila are generally off-limits for women.

    Classification of Instruments (According to ‘Sangeet Ratnakar’ by Sharangdev)

    1. Tantu Vadya (String Instruments)
      • Sound is produced using strings made of silk, gut, metal, or other fibers.
      • Two types:
        • Played with fingers, sticks, or plectrums – Kendra, Bhuaang, Ektara
        • Played with bows over a leather base – Sarangi-like instruments
    2. Sushir Vadya (Wind Instruments)
      • Played by blowing air – Bansuri, Madan Bheri, Shehnai, Tumri (Bin), Singha
    3. Avanaddha Vadya (Percussion Instruments)
      • Made of stretched leather – Nagada, Mandar, Dhamsha, Dhol, Chang
    4. Ghan Vadya (Solid Instruments)
      • Made of metal, produces sound by striking – Kartal, Mandira, Jhanjh, Thala