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Category: Jharkhand Geography

  • झारखण्ड जलवायु – मौसम, वर्षा एवं कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्रों की सम्पूर्ण गाइड (JPSC/JSSC परीक्षाओं हेतु विशेष)

    झारखण्ड की जलवायु पर एक व्यापक और परीक्षा-केंद्रित गाइड पढ़ें—जिसमें उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसूनी विशेषताएँ, ऋतुओं के संक्रमण (गर्मी, वर्षा, सर्दी), वर्षा वितरण, राँची, जमशेदपुर और हजारीबाग जैसे शहरों में तापमान भिन्नता, तथा कृषि-जलवायु और क्षेत्रीय जलवायु क्षेत्रों का वर्गीकरण शामिल है—जो JPSC, JSSC और झारखण्ड भूगोल व पर्यावरण से जुड़ी अन्य प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।

    झारखण्ड की सामान्य जलवायु प्रकृति

    • झारखण्ड में उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसूनी जलवायु (Tropical Monsoon Climate / उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसूनी जलवायु) पाई जाती है।
    • यह क्षेत्र मानसूनी पवनों से प्रभावित है, जिससे स्पष्ट ऋतुएँ बनती हैं:
      ग्रीष्मकाल, वर्षाकाल, शीतकाल
    • औसत वार्षिक तापमान लगभग 25°C रहता है।

    झारखण्ड की जलवायु को प्रभावित करने वाले प्रमुख कारक

    अक्षांशीय स्थिति (Latitudinal Position)

    • कर्क रेखा झारखण्ड के मध्य से होकर गुजरती है।
    • इससे उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु बनती है, हालांकि उच्च पठारी क्षेत्रों में उप-उष्णकटिबंधीय प्रभाव भी देखे जाते हैं।

    समुद्र से निकटता (Proximity to Sea)

    • धनबाद और सिंहभूम जैसे दक्षिण-पूर्वी क्षेत्र समुद्र के निकट हैं।
    • इससे इन जिलों में आर्द्रता (Humidity) अधिक रहती है।

    प्राकृतिक संरचना और ऊँचाई (Relief and Elevation)

    • झारखण्ड का पठारी क्षेत्र ढालदार है, जो पाट क्षेत्र से उत्तर, पूर्व और दक्षिण की ओर उतरता है।
    • बंगाल की खाड़ी से आने वाली नम हवाएँ पठार की ढलानों से टकराकर अधिक वर्षा कराती हैं।
    • उत्तर-पश्चिमी क्षेत्र (पलामू) वर्षा की छाया क्षेत्र (Rain Shadow Zone) में है – अतः सूखा-प्रवण (Drought-prone)।

    पवन प्रवाह पट्टी (Wind Flow Belt)

    • जून से अक्टूबर तक दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून (बंगाल शाखा) दक्षिण-पूर्व से उत्तर-पश्चिम की ओर प्रवाहित होती है।
    • साथ ही, अरब सागर की हवाएँ राज्य के पश्चिमी हिस्से में वर्षा लाती हैं।

    वनस्पति आवरण (Vegetation Cover)

    • झारखण्ड के घने जंगल वाष्पोत्सर्जन (Evapotranspiration) में सहायक होते हैं, जिससे स्थानीय आर्द्र सूक्ष्म जलवायु बनती है।
    • इसके परिणामस्वरूप गर्मियों में स्थानीय वर्षा (Instability Rain) होती है।

    झारखण्ड के कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र (Agro-Climatic Zones of Jharkhand)

    • झारखण्ड भारत के कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र VII – “पूर्वी पठार एवं पहाड़ी क्षेत्र (Eastern Plateau and Hills Region)” में आता है।
    • NIDM (राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन संस्थान) के अनुसार, झारखण्ड को तीन कृषि-जलवायु उप-क्षेत्रों में बाँटा गया है:
    कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्रआवृत्त जिले
    I. मध्य एवं उत्तर-पूर्वी पठारचतरा, कोडरमा, हजारीबाग, रामगढ़, बोकारो, धनबाद, राँची, देवघर, दुमका, पाकुड़, गोड्डा, जामताड़ा, साहिबगंज, गिरिडीह
    II. पश्चिमी पठारगढ़वा, पलामू, लातेहार, गुमला
    III. दक्षिण-पूर्वी पठारलोहरदगा, सिमडेगा, खूंटी, पूर्वी सिंहभूम, पश्चिमी सिंहभूम, सरायकेला-खरसावाँ

    वर्षा वितरण और मृदा विशेषताएँ (क्षेत्रवार विवरण)

    मध्य एवं उत्तर-पूर्वी पठार

    • वर्षा: 140–152 सेमी (मध्यम)
    • पैटर्न: मानसून की देर से शुरुआत और जल्दी वापसी
    • मृदा प्रकार: बलुई, काली, अपरदित एवं जलोढ़ मृदा
    • विशेषताएँ:
      • जलधारण क्षमता कम
    • मुख्य फसलें: धान, गेहूँ, मक्का, मोटे अनाज
    • सिंचाई: नदियों पर आधारित

    पश्चिमी पठार

    • झारखण्ड का सर्वाधिक ऊँचाई वाला कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र
    • वर्षा असमान रूप से वितरित, कुछ क्षेत्र सूखा-प्रवण
    • पाट क्षेत्रों में अधिक वर्षा
    • तापमान: अधिक, पर नेतरहाट ठंडा रहता है
    • मृदा प्रकार: लेटराइट व लाल मृदा
    • विशेषताएँ:
      • मृदा अम्लीय
      • जलधारण व उर्वरता कम
    • मुख्य फसलें: धान, मक्का, गेहूँ, दालें, तिलहन

    दक्षिण-पूर्वी पठार

    • वर्षा: 142–155 सेमी
    • पूर्वी क्षेत्र में अधिक वर्षा
    • मृदा विशेषताएँ:
      • जलधारण क्षमता कम
      • उत्पादकता कम
    • वनस्पति: घने जंगलों से आच्छादित
    • जलवायु: समुद्री प्रभाव वाला, अधिक आर्द्रता
    • मुख्य फसलें: धान, ज्वार, मक्का, गेहूँ, मोटे अनाज
    • सिंचाई: नदियों पर आधारित

    झारखण्ड की ऋतु-वार जलवायु रूपरेखा

    गर्मी का मौसम (मार्च से जून मध्य तक)

    • मार्च में प्रारंभ, मई में चरम पर
    • तापमान: 29°C से 45°C
    • हजारीबाग, राँची, नेतरहाट: 2°C से 5°C तक ठंडे
    • सर्वाधिक गर्म महीना: मई
    • पठारी भूगोल के कारण हीटवेव (लू) का प्रभाव नगण्य
    • झारखण्ड का सबसे गर्म शहर: जमशेदपुर
    • जून के आसपास गर्मी की समाप्ति स्थानीय नाम से “बैशाखी” कहलाती है।
    • मई में Nor’westers से पूर्वी क्षेत्रों में आंधी-बारिश होती है—जिसे आम की बारिश (Mango Showers / आम की बारीश) कहा जाता है।

    परीक्षा केन्द्रित मुख्य बिंदु (Exam-Focused Highlights)

    • कर्क रेखा झारखण्ड से होकर गुजरती है – JPSC/JSSC में बार-बार पूछा जाता है।
    • पलामू – वर्षा छाया क्षेत्र (Rain Shadow Zone) – अक्सर परीक्षा में आता है।
    • पश्चिमी पठार – राज्य का सबसे ऊँचा कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र
    • “आम की बारिश” – केवल पूर्वी झारखण्ड में प्रभावी
    • झारखण्ड का सबसे गर्म स्थान – जमशेदपुर
    • मुख्य फसलें – धान, गेहूँ, मक्का, दालें, तिलहन
    • NIDM वर्गीकरण – झारखण्ड के 3 कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र

    झारखण्ड की सामान्य जलवायु प्रकार

    झारखण्ड की जलवायु उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसूनी है।
    यहाँ तीन प्रमुख ऋतुएँ होती हैं: गर्मी, मानसून और सर्दी।
    वार्षिक औसत तापमान लगभग 25°C है।
    झारखण्ड कर्क रेखा के पास स्थित है, इसलिए यहाँ उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु प्रमुख है, जबकि पठारी क्षेत्रों में उप-उष्णकटिबंधीय प्रभाव भी देखा जाता है।

    झारखण्ड की जलवायु को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक

    1. अक्षांशीय स्थिति

    कर्क रेखा झारखण्ड से होकर गुजरती है, जिससे इसे उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु मिलती है।
    पठारी क्षेत्रों की ऊँचाई के कारण वहाँ उप-उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु विशेषताएँ पाई जाती हैं।

    2. समुद्र से निकटता

    झारखण्ड का दक्षिण-पूर्वी भाग बंगाल की खाड़ी के निकट है, जिससे वहाँ की आर्द्रता विशेष रूप से धनबाद और सिंहभूम क्षेत्रों में प्रभावित होती है।

    3. स्थलाकृति

    पाट क्षेत्र ऊँचा है, जबकि उत्तर-पश्चिमी मैदान (पलामू) वर्षा-वंचित क्षेत्र है, जिससे वहाँ शुष्कता रहती है।
    बंगाल की खाड़ी से आने वाली नम हवा पठारी सीढ़ियों से टकराकर भारी वर्षा लाती है।

    4. पवन प्रणाली

    दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मानसूनी हवाएँ जून से अक्टूबर के बीच दक्षिण-पूर्व से उत्तर-पश्चिम की ओर बहती हैं।
    अरब सागर शाखा झारखण्ड के पश्चिमी भागों में वर्षा देती है।

    5. वनस्पति आवरण

    घने जंगल वाष्पोत्सर्जन द्वारा स्थानीय आर्द्रता बढ़ाते हैं, जिससे गर्मियों में अस्थिर वर्षा होती है।

    झारखण्ड के कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र

    झारखण्ड कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्र VII – पूर्वी पठार और पहाड़ी क्षेत्र (NIDM के अनुसार) के अंतर्गत आता है।

    1. केंद्रीय एवं उत्तर-पूर्वी पठार

    जिले: चतरा, कोडरमा, हजारीबाग, रामगढ़, बोकारो, धनबाद, रांची, देवघर, दुमका, पाकुड़, गोड्डा, जामताड़ा, साहेबगंज, गिरिडीह
    वर्षा: औसतन 140–152 सेमी
    मिट्टी: बलुई, काली, अपरदित, एवं जलोढ़ मिट्टी
    फसलें: धान, गेहूं, मक्का, मोटा अनाज
    सिंचाई: मुख्यतः नदियों पर आधारित
    जलवायु विशेषता: मानसून का देर से आगमन और जल्दी वापसी

    2. पश्चिमी पठार

    जिले: गढ़वा, पलामू, लातेहार, गुमला
    वर्षा: असामान्य; कुछ क्षेत्र सूखा-प्रवण
    मिट्टी: लेटराइट और लाल मिट्टी; अम्लीय और जल धारण क्षमता कम
    फसलें: धान, मक्का, गेहूं, दालें, तिलहन

    3. दक्षिण-पूर्वी पठार

    जिले: लोहरदगा, सिमडेगा, खूंटी, पूर्वी एवं पश्चिमी सिंहभूम, सरायकेला-खरसावाँ
    वर्षा: औसतन 142–155 सेमी
    मिट्टी: कम जलधारण क्षमता एवं उर्वरता
    फसलें: धान, ज्वार, मोटा अनाज, गेहूं, मक्का
    जलवायु विशेषता: तटीय प्रभाव के कारण अधिक आर्द्रता

    झारखण्ड की ऋतुएँ

    ग्रीष्म (मार्च से मध्य जून तक)

    मार्च से प्रारंभ, मई में चरम पर।
    औसत तापमान: 29°C से 45°C
    ठंडे क्षेत्र: हजारीबाग, रांची, नेतरहाट (2°C से 5°C कम)
    सबसे गर्म स्थान: जमशेदपुर (45.0°C)
    पठारी भू-आकृति के कारण प्रचंड लू नहीं चलती।
    मई में स्थानीय आंधी-पानी, जिसे आम वर्षा (नॉरवेस्टर) कहा जाता है, विशेषतः पूर्वी भागों में।
    स्थानीय नाम: बैशाखी पवन प्रवाह

    मानसून (जून से अक्टूबर)

    मध्य जून से प्रारंभ, मई 25 के बाद पूर्व से पूर्व-मानसून वर्षा शुरू।
    मुख्य वर्षा दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून हवाओं से:

    • बंगाल की खाड़ी शाखा: प्रमुख स्रोत
    • अरब सागर शाखा: पश्चिमी क्षेत्रों को प्रभावित करती है
      वर्षा दक्षिण से उत्तर एवं पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर घटती है
      औसत वार्षिक वर्षा: 140 सेमी
      कुल वार्षा का 80% इसी ऋतु में
      सबसे अधिक वर्षा: नेतरहाट पठार (180+ सेमी)
      सबसे कम वर्षा: चाईबासा मैदान
      सबसे वर्षा वाला जिला: हजारीबाग

    शीतकाल (नवंबर से फरवरी)

    नवंबर से प्रारंभ, जनवरी में चरम
    औसत तापमान: 15°C से 21°C
    पठारी ऊँचाई पर अधिक ठंड (कभी-कभी 3°C तक)
    सबसे ठंडा स्थान: नेतरहाट (मैग्नोलिया पॉइंट) (न्यूनतम 7°C)
    पश्चिमी विक्षोभों के कारण हल्की वर्षा – रबी फसलों के लिए लाभदायक
    अत्यधिक सर्दी में पाला जमना आम है

    झारखण्ड के जलवायु प्रकार (आयोध्या प्रसाद के अनुसार)

    जलवायु प्रकारप्रभावित क्षेत्रवर्षा (सेमी)विशेषताएँ
    स्थलीय प्रकारउत्तर/उत्तर-पश्चिम (पलामू, गढ़वा, चतरा)114–127गर्मी अधिक, सर्दी तीव्र
    उप-स्थलीय प्रकारमध्य भाग (लातेहार, धनबाद)127–165मध्यम तापमान, अधिक वर्षा
    डेल्टा प्रकारपूर्वी संथाल परगना (साहेबगंज)लगभग 152बंगाल जैसे नॉरवेस्टर प्रभाव
    समुद्री प्रभाव वाला प्रकारपूर्वी सिंहभूम, सरायकेला140–152अधिक आर्द्रता, पूर्व-मानसून आँधी
    वर्षा प्रधान प्रकारपश्चिमी सिंहभूम, सिमडेगा152+दोनों मानसून शाखाएँ सक्रिय
    मनोहर एवं तीव्र प्रकाररांची, हजारीबाग पठार148ऊँचाई के कारण विशेष जलवायु
    शीतल वर्षा प्रकारपाट क्षेत्र (लोहरदगा, गुमला)203+सर्दियों में भी वर्षा, ऊँचे बादल

    यह वर्गीकरण आयोध्या प्रसाद द्वारा किया गया है, जिसमें झारखण्ड को 7 जलवायु क्षेत्रों में बाँटा गया है।

    महत्वपूर्ण परीक्षा-उन्मुख तथ्य (JPSC/JSSC में अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं)

    • वन क्षेत्र गर्मियों में स्थानीय अस्थिर वर्षा उत्पन्न करते हैं
    • सबसे गर्म शहर: जमशेदपुर (45°C)
    • सबसे ठंडा स्थान: नेतरहाट (3°C तक)
    • सबसे अधिक वर्षा: नेतरहाट पठार (180+ सेमी)
    • सबसे कम वर्षा: चाईबासा मैदान
    • रबी फसलों के लिए सर्वश्रेष्ठ: शीतकालीन वर्षा (पश्चिमी विक्षोभ से)
    • पूर्व-मानसून वर्षा: मई में आम वर्षा (नॉरवेस्टर)
    • सबसे वर्षा वाला जिला: हजारीबाग
    • मानसून की दो शाखाएँ: बंगाल की खाड़ी और अरब सागर शाखा

  • “Complete Guide to Soil Types in Jharkhand: Classification, Features, and Agricultural Importance” (JPSC, JSSC)

    “Jharkhand, endowed with a rich and varied geological foundation, hosts a wide range of soil types—primarily residual soils formed through the weathering of minerals and rocks in its plateau regions—such as the extensive red soil covering nearly 90% of the Chotanagpur plateau, the black regar soils of the Rajmahal area, nutrient-poor yet iron-rich laterite soils across southern Palamu and Ranchi, fertile alluvial soils in Santhal Pargana, and specialized mica-bearing soils in Koderma and adjoining regions; understanding the unique physical and chemical properties, distribution, and agricultural potential of these diverse soils is vital for enhancing crop productivity, sustainable farming, and effective land management in Jharkhand’s varied climatic and topographical zones.”

    Overview of Soil Formation in Jharkhand

    • Residual Soil (Avshisht Mitti):
      Jharkhand predominantly has residual soil, which is soil formed from the weathering and disintegration of underlying rocks and minerals in plateau areas. This type of soil remains above the parent rock and has not been transported.
    • Soil Formation Process:
      In plateau regions, minerals and rocks undergo weathering inside the ground, resulting in the formation of residual soil.

    Classification of Soils in Jharkhand

    The soils of Jharkhand can be broadly classified into six main types, each with distinct characteristics and areas of occurrence.

    1. Red Soil (Lal Mitti)

    • Geographical Spread:
      Found mainly in the Chotanagpur Plateau, covering approximately 90% of the Chotanagpur area, excluding the Damodar Valley Gondwana region and Rajmahal uplands.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • High content of ferric oxide (iron oxide) and bauxite, giving it a characteristic red color.
      • Sometimes appears as yellow, gray, brown, or black in patches.
      • In regions like Hazaribagh and Kodarma, a mica-based red soil occurs; parts of Singhbhum and Dhanbad have mixed red and black soils.
      • Originates from the weathering of gneiss and granite.
      • Contains low nitrogen, phosphorus, and humus, resulting in low fertility.
      • Highly suitable for crops like sorghum (jowar), millet (bajara), ragi, sugarcane, and peanuts (moongfali).

    2. Black Soil (Kali Mitti)

    • Area of Occurrence:
      Primarily found in the Rajmahal region.
    • Also Known As:
      Regur soil.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • Black or dark brown color.
      • Formed from very fine particles, making it sticky when wet.
      • Contains a mixture of iron, lime, magnesium, and alumina.
      • Deficient in nitrogen, organic matter, and phosphoric acid.
      • Derived from the weathering of basalt rocks.
      • Excellent for cotton cultivation.
      • In Rajmahal, used for cultivating paddy (rice) and chickpeas (chana).

    3. Laterite Soil (Lateritic Mitti)

    • Geographical Spread:
      Found in the southern Palamu, western Ranchi, Santhal Pargana, eastern Rajmahal, and Singhbhum’s Dhalbhum region.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • Deep red color with a high gravel content.
      • Formed due to seasonal moisture and dryness in monsoon climate, causing chemical changes.
      • Contains high iron oxide content, giving it the reddish color.
      • Low fertility due to leaching of nutrients.
      • Mainly used for paddy and coarse grains cultivation with the help of irrigation.

    4. Sandy Soil (Retili Mitti)

    • Area:
      Found in the eastern Hazaribagh and Dhanbad regions.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • A mix of red and yellow colors.
      • Suitable for growing coarse grains.
      • The Damodar valley mainly has loose sandy soils.

    5. Alluvial Soil (Jalodh Mitti)

    • Occurrence:
      Found in Santhal Pargana.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • The newest soil type in Jharkhand.
      • Soil horizons or layers are not well developed.
      • Both Bhangar (older alluvial soil) and Khadar (newer alluvial soil) types are found.
      • Bhangar is found in the northern and northwestern parts of Sahibganj, while Khadar occurs in the eastern parts and Pakur district.
      • High in lime (calcium) and potash, but deficient in nitrogen and humus.
      • Highly suitable for paddy (rice) and wheat cultivation.

    6. Mica-based Soil (Abhrakmoolak Mitti)

    • Location:
      Found in Kodarma, Mandu, Jhumri Tilaiya, and Badkagaon regions.
    • Key Characteristics:
      • Found near mica mines (mica belts), hence the name.
      • Kodarma and surrounding areas are known as the Mica Belt due to the presence of this soil.
      • Color varies from light pink to yellow in dry areas.
      • This soil is very fertile, but due to water scarcity, proper agriculture is limited.

    Other Soil Types in Jharkhand

    • Gourd Soil Groups and Others:
      • Thin and rocky soils found at eroded edges.
      • Low fertility soils where crops like sorghum, maize, and millets are grown.
    • Gray-Yellow Soil of Upland:
      • Found in highly sloped regions of Palamu and Garhwa.
      • Fertility ranges from moderate to high.
    • Metallic Soil:
      • Found in southern parts of West Singhbhum.
      • Reddish color with low fertility.
    • Heterogeneous Soil:
      • Found in central and northern West Singhbhum and Saraikela areas.
      • Composed of weathered rock fragments from different origins.
      • Yellow color in uplands and black or gray in lowlands.
      • Moderate fertility.

    Local Names of Soils in Jharkhand

    Jharkhand’s soil types also have local names based on texture, color, and region:

    • Sticky Soil: Keval, Cheeta, Nagra, Gobra, Halmad, Hasa
    • Loamy Soil: Kherasi, Charka, Lobo, Balsundar, Arahasa
    • Others: Bala, Goris, Jariya, Gitalhasa
    • Land Types:
      • Bhoomi Tand (High Land) – Dihar, Bhitha, Baharsi, Bari
      • Don (Low Land) – Gahda, Bahiyar, Ghoghra, Jah, Chauara, Kanari

    Important Exam-Related Facts (*)

    • Red Soil is the most prominent soil in Jharkhand, covering about 90% of the Chotanagpur plateau.
    • The Rajmahal region is known for black soil (Regur), which supports cotton cultivation.
    • Laterite soil with high iron oxide content is found in several southern and eastern parts of Jharkhand but has low fertility.
    • Alluvial soil in Santhal Pargana is the newest soil type with high lime and potash content, ideal for rice and wheat.
    • The mica soil belt around Kodarma is fertile but limited by water availability.

  • “Jharkhand Climate – Complete Guide to Weather, Rainfall & Agro-Climatic Zones for JPSC/JSSC Exams”

    Explore a comprehensive and exam-focused guide to the climate of Jharkhand—covering tropical monsoon characteristics, seasonal transitions (summer, monsoon, winter), rainfall distribution, temperature variations across cities like Ranchi, Jamshedpur, and Hazaribagh, and the classification of agro-climatic and regional climate zones—crucial for JPSC, JSSC, and other competitive exams related to Jharkhand Geography and Environment.

    General Climate Type of Jharkhand

    • Jharkhand experiences a Tropical Monsoon Climate (Ushnakatibandhiya Mansuni Jalvayu).
    • The region is influenced by monsoonal winds, resulting in distinct seasons:
      • Summer
      • Winter
      • Rainy Season
    • The average annual temperature is around 25°C.

    Major Climatic Influencing Factors in Jharkhand

    1. Latitudinal Position
      • The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of Jharkhand.
      • Results in a tropical climate, though subtropical effects are seen in higher plateau regions.
    2. Proximity to Sea
      • The south-eastern region (like Dhanbad and Singhbhum) lies close to the sea.
      • This increases humidity levels in these districts.
    3. Relief and Elevation (Topography)
      • Jharkhand has a sloping plateau, descending from the pat region toward the north, east, and south.
      • Moist winds from the Bay of Bengal rise along plateau edges and cause heavy rainfall.
      • The north-western region (Palamu) lies in the rain shadow zone, making it drought-prone.
    4. Wind Flow Belt
      • From June to October, south-west monsoon winds (Bay of Bengal branch) move southeast to northwest.
      • Simultaneously, Arabian Sea winds bring rainfall to the western region of the state.
    5. Vegetation Cover
      • Dense forests in Jharkhand contribute to evapotranspiration, creating a humid microclimate.
      • This leads to local summer rainfall, often called instability rain (Linstability Rain).

    Agro-Climatic Zones of Jharkhand

    Jharkhand falls under Agro-Climatic Zone VII of India, known as the Eastern Plateau and Hills Region.

    According to NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management), Jharkhand is classified into three agro-climatic sub-zones:

    Agro-Climatic ZoneDistricts Covered
    I. Central and North-Eastern PlateauChatra, Koderma, Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Deoghar, Dumka, Pakur, Godda, Jamtara, Sahibganj, Giridih
    II. Western PlateauGarhwa, Palamu, Latehar, Gumla
    III. South-Eastern PlateauLohardaga, Simdega, Khunti, East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, Seraikela-Kharsawan

    Rainfall Distribution and Soil Characteristics (Zone-wise)

    Central & North-Eastern Plateau

    • Rainfall: 140–152 cm (Moderate)
    • Rainfall Pattern: Late onset and early retreat of monsoon
    • Soil Type: Sandy soil, black soil, eroded and alluvial soil
    • Soil Characteristics:
      • Low water retention capacity
    • Major Crops: Paddy, wheat, maize, coarse grains
    • Irrigation: Available via rivers

    Western Plateau

    • Highest elevation agro-climatic zone in Jharkhand
    • Uneven rainfall distribution, some drought-prone areas
    • More rainfall in the Pat regions
    • Temperature: Higher generally, Netarhat remains cooler
    • Soil Type: Laterite and red soil
    • Soil Characteristics:
      • High acidity
      • Low retention and fertility
    • Major Crops: Paddy, maize, wheat, pulses, oilseeds

    South-Eastern Plateau

    • Rainfall: 142–155 cm
    • More rainfall in eastern areas
    • Soil Characteristics:
      • Low water retention
      • Low productivity
    • Vegetation: Region rich in dense forests
    • Climate: Sea-influenced, with higher humidity
    • Major Crops: Paddy, jowar, maize, wheat, coarse grains
    • Irrigation: Primarily river-based

    Seasonal Overview of Jharkhand’s Climate

    1. Summer Season (March to Mid-June)

    • Starts in March; peaks in May.
    • Monthly temperature range: 29°C to 45°C
    • Regions like Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Netarhat: 2°C to 5°C cooler
    • Hottest month: May
    • No major heatwave (loo) impact due to plateau geography.
    • Jamshedpur is the hottest city in the state.
    • The summer wind disturbance ends around June, locally called “Baishakhi”.
    • In May, Nor’westers bring thunderstorms and rainfall, especially in eastern regions—also called Mango Showers (Aam ki Barish).

    Exam-Focused Highlights

    • Tropic of Cancer passes through Jharkhand – Repeated in JPSC/JSSC
    • Rain shadow zone: Palamu – Often asked
    • Highest elevation agro-climatic zone: Western Plateau
    • Mango showers affect only eastern Jharkhand
    • Jamshedpur is the hottest place in Jharkhand
    • Major crops: Paddy, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds
    • NIDM classification: 3 agro-climatic zones

    General Climate Type of Jharkhand

    • Jharkhand has a tropical monsoon climate.
    • It experiences three major seasons: Summer, Monsoon, and Winter.
    • The average annual temperature is 25°C.
    • Jharkhand lies near the Tropic of Cancer, hence tropical climate predominates, with subtropical effects in plateau regions.

    Factors Influencing Jharkhand’s Climate

    1. Latitudinal Location
      • The Tropic of Cancer passes through Jharkhand, giving it a tropical climate.
      • Higher altitudes in plateau regions exhibit subtropical climate characteristics.
    2. Proximity to the Sea
      • Southeastern Jharkhand is relatively close to the Bay of Bengal, influencing humidity levels, especially in Dhanbad and Singhbhum.
    3. Relief Features
      • The Pat region is elevated, while the northwestern plains (Palamu) lie in a rain-shadow zone, resulting in dry conditions.
      • Moist air from the Bay of Bengal rises along the plateau steps, causing heavy rainfall in plateau regions.
    4. Wind Patterns
      • Southwest monsoon winds flow from southeast to northwest between June and October.
      • Arabian Sea branch contributes rainfall to western parts of Jharkhand.
    5. Vegetation Cover
      • Dense forests create local humidity via evapotranspiration, causing light unstable rainfall in summers.

    Agro-Climatic Zones of Jharkhand

    Jharkhand falls under Agro-Climatic Zone VII – Eastern Plateau and Hill Region (As per NIDM).

    Zones and Their Features:

    1. Central and North-Eastern Plateau

    • Districts: Chatra, Koderma, Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Deoghar, Dumka, Pakur, Godda, Jamtara, Sahibganj, Giridih.
    • Rainfall: 140–152 cm (average).
    • Soil: Sandy, black, eroded, and alluvial soils.
    • Crops: Rice, wheat, maize, millets.
    • Irrigation: Mostly river-based.
    • Climate Feature: Late onset and early withdrawal of monsoon.

    2. Western Plateau

    • Districts: Garhwa, Palamu, Latehar, Gumla.
    • Rainfall: Irregular; some drought-prone areas.
    • Soil: Laterite and red soils; acidic and poor water retention.
    • Crops: Rice, maize, wheat, pulses, oilseeds.

    3. South-Eastern Plateau

    • Districts: Lohardaga, Simdega, Khunti, East and West Singhbhum, Seraikela-Kharsawan.
    • Rainfall: 142–155 cm (average).
    • Soil: Low water retention; low fertility.
    • Crops: Rice, jowar, millets, wheat, maize.
    • Climate Feature: High humidity due to coastal influence.

    Seasonal Climate of Jharkhand

    1. Summer (March to Mid-June)

    • Begins in March, peaks in May.
    • Average temperature: 29°C to 45°C.
    • Cooler areas: Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Netarhat (2°C to 5°C lower).
    • Hottest place: Jamshedpur (45.0°C).
    • No strong loo winds due to plateau geography.
    • Local thunderstorm rains in May, known as Mango Showers (Norwesters), especially in eastern parts.
    • Local term: Baishakhi wind flow.

    2. Monsoon (June to October)

    • Starts by mid-June.
    • Pre-monsoon rains start after May 25, from the east.
    • Main rainfall is from Southwest Monsoon winds:
      • Bay of Bengal Branch: Primary source of rain.
      • Arabian Sea Branch: Affects western regions.
    • Rainfall decreases from south to north and east to west.
    • Average rainfall: 140 cm annually (medium rainfall region).
    • 80% of annual rain falls during this season.
    • Most rainfall: Netarhat Plateau (180+ cm).
    • Least rainfall: Chaiabasa plains.
    • Rainiest district: Hazaribagh.

    3. Winter (November to February)

    • Starts in November, peaks in January.
    • Average temperature: 15°C to 21°C.
    • Colder in higher altitudes, sometimes as low as 3°C.
    • Coldest place: Netarhat (Magnolia Point) (minimum 7°C).
    • Light rains due to Western Disturbances – beneficial for Rabi crops.
    • Frost formation common in extreme cold.

    Climate Types in Jharkhand (By Ayodhya Prasad)

    Climate TypeAffected AreaRainfall (cm)Special Features
    Continental TypeNorth/NW (Palamu, Garhwa, Chatra)114–127 cmHot summers, cold winters
    Sub-ContinentalCentral parts (Latehar, Dhanbad)127–165 cmModerate temp, more rain
    Delta TypeEastern Santhal Pargana (Sahebganj)~152 cmSimilar to WB Norwesters
    Sea-Influenced TypeEast Singhbhum, Seraikela140–152 cmHigh humidity, pre-monsoon storms
    Wet Rain TypeWestern Singhbhum, Simdega152+ cmBoth monsoon branches active
    Pleasant & IntenseRanchi, Hazaribagh Plateaus148 cmUnique climate due to elevation
    Cold Rain TypePat Region (Lohardaga, Gumla)203+ cmHigh clouds, rainfall, even in winter

    🔺 This classification by Ayodhya Prasad divides Jharkhand into 7 climatic zones.

    Important Exam-Oriented Facts (Frequently Asked in JPSC/JSSC)

    Forests promote local unstable summer rainfall

    Hottest City: Jamshedpur (45°C)

    Coldest Place: Netarhat (as low as 3°C)

    Most Rainfall: Netarhat Plateau (180+ cm)

    Least Rainfall: Chaiabasa Plains

    Best for Rabi Crops: Winter rainfall due to western disturbances

    Pre-monsoon Showers: Norwesters (Mango Showers) in May

    Rainiest District: Hazaribagh

    Two Monsoon Branches: Bay of Bengal & Arabian Sea

  • झारखंड राज्य गंगा नदी संरक्षण प्राधिकरण, प्रमुख जलप्रपात, गर्म जलस्रोत और झीलें – JPSC एवं JSSC परीक्षाओं 2025 के लिए सम्पूर्ण मार्गदर्शिका

    झारखंड राज्य गंगा नदी संरक्षण प्राधिकरण

    विवरणजानकारी
    गठन की तिथि👉 20 फरवरी 2009
    मुख्यालय👉 राँची
    अध्यक्ष👉 झारखंड के मुख्यमंत्री

    अन्य सदस्य

    • राज्य के पर्यावरण मंत्री
    • वित्त मंत्री
    • शहरी विकास मंत्री
    • जल संसाधन एवं सिंचाई मंत्री
    • मुख्य सचिव (सचिव के रूप में)

    सरकार द्वारा नामित सदस्य

    • अतिरिक्त मंत्री
    • 5 सहवरणीय विशेषज्ञ – क्षेत्र:
      • नदी संरक्षण
      • जलविज्ञान
      • पर्यावरण इंजीनियरिंग
      • सामाजिक संगठन
      • संबंधित क्षेत्र

    प्रमुख कार्य एवं अधिकार

    • राष्ट्रीय गंगा नदी बेसिन प्राधिकरण (NGRBA) के दिशा-निर्देशों को राज्य में लागू करना
    • प्रदूषण नियंत्रण, जन-जागरूकता, फ्लडप्लेन सुरक्षा, कैचमेंट ट्रीटमेंट, सीवेज प्रबंधन
    • वर्षा जल संचयन, पुनर्चक्रण, विकेन्द्रीकृत सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट
    • न्यूनतम पारिस्थितिक प्रवाह (Ecological Flow) सुनिश्चित करना
    • भूमि अधिग्रहण, अनुबंध, विद्युत आपूर्ति जैसे मुद्दों का समाधान
    • कार्यान्वयन एजेंसियों के कार्यक्रमों की निगरानी व समीक्षा

    परीक्षा हेतु महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

    • गठन – 20 फरवरी 2009
    • मुख्यालय – राँची

    झारखंड के प्रमुख जलप्रपात (Waterfalls of Jharkhand)

    पठारी क्षेत्र, चट्टानों के अपरदन, एवं नदी प्रवाह से कई सुंदर जलप्रपात बनते हैं।

    लेटेहार ज़िला

    नामऊँचाईनदी / स्थानविशेष जानकारी
    बुढ़ा घट / लोढ़ जलप्रपात*143 मीटर / 469 फीटबुढ़ा नदी (उ. कोयल सहायक)झारखंड का सबसे ऊँचा जलप्रपात
    ऊपरी घाघरी43 मीटर / 140 फीटघाघरी नदीपूर्व नाम – भैंसबोरवा
    निचली घाघरी30 मीटर / 100 फीट–नेतरहाट
    सुईदरी250–300 फीट–महुआडांड़, जलाशय बनाती है
    गौतम घट36 मीटर / 120 फीट–महुआडांड़ प्रखंड
    मिर्चैया––गड़ू प्रखंड
    कांटी जलप्रपात––सेन्हा गाँव से 6 किमी दूर
    डाटम-पाटम––हेरहंज प्रखंड

    गढ़वा ज़िला

    नामऊँचाईनदी / क्षेत्र
    गुरसिंधु–कनहर नदी, चिनिया क्षेत्र
    बलचौरा–कनहर नदी, घुघरी
    सुखलदरी*30 मीटर / 98 फीटकनहर नदी
    गंगाझांझ, सातू––
    सतबहिनी–सतबहिनी नदी, हुसैनाबाद

    पलामू ज़िला

    नामऊँचाईनदी / क्षेत्र
    कुंड जलप्रपात––

    राँची ज़िला

    नामऊँचाईनदी / विशेषता
    हुण्डरु जलप्रपात*98 मीटर / 322 फीटस्वर्णरेखा नदी
    दासम / दा: सोम जलप्रपात*44 मीटर / 144 फीटकांची नदी
    जोनहा / गौतमधारा जलप्रपात*43 मीटर / 141 फीटरारू नदी
    सीता जलप्रपात*––
    तीरू जलप्रपात–बनाई नदी

    परीक्षोपयोगी सारांश (Quick Revision Points)

    लोढ़ जलप्रपात (बुढ़ा घट) – सबसे ऊँचा जलप्रपात (143 मीटर)
    हुण्डरु जलप्रपात – दूसरा सबसे ऊँचा (98 मीटर), स्वर्णरेखा नदी पर
    दासम जलप्रपात – कांची नदी पर, नाम Mundari शब्दों से
    जोनहा जलप्रपात – गौतम बुद्ध से जुड़ा ऐतिहासिक महत्व
    सीता जलप्रपात – हैंगिंग वैली का उदाहरण

    Exam Relevance (JPSC, JSSC, CDPO, TGT, SI, etc.)

    सभी जलप्रपात जिनके नाम पर चिह्नित ()* है, पूर्व परीक्षाओं में पूछे जा चुके हैं।
    प्रमुख जिले: लेटेहार, गढ़वा, पलामू, राँची
    प्रमुख नदियाँ: बुढ़ा, कोयल, कनहर, घाघरी, स्वर्णरेखा, कांची, रारू

    खूँटी ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • पंचघाघ जलप्रपात – पाँच धाराओं में विभाजित होता है
    • पेरेवाघाघ, रानी, पांगुरा, रीमिक्स जलप्रपात

    लोहरदगा ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • लावा पानी, घरघरिया, निंदी जलप्रपात

    गुमला ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • हेपाड जलप्रपात – पट क्षेत्र की तलहटी में स्थित
    • नागफेनी जलप्रपात – घाघरा नदी के उद्गम पर
    • सदनी / सदनीघाघ जलप्रपात ⭐ –
      • शंख नदी पर,
      • 60 मीटर / 200 फीट ऊँचा,
      • पाँच धाराओं में विभाजित – पंचगढ़ उपनाम से प्रसिद्ध
    • प्रेमाघाघ जलप्रपात – सर्पाकार, रायडीह प्रखंड में स्थित
    • मेर्का जलप्रपात – विशुनपुर प्रखंड, सेरका नदी पर स्थित

    सिमडेगा ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • केलाघाघ, सुगाकाटा जलप्रपात – शंख नदी पर स्थित

    चतरा ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • गोआ जलप्रपात – जलाद गाँव में स्थित
    • तमसिर, मलुदाह, डूमर-सूमर, खैवा-बरु, केरीदाह जलप्रपात

    हजारीबाग ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • सूरजकुंड जलप्रपात ⭐ – गर्म जलस्रोतों के लिए प्रसिद्ध
    • बोकारो जलप्रपात, घाघरा जलप्रपात

    रामगढ़ ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • राजरप्पा जलप्रपात ⭐ –
      • दामोदर और भैरवी नदी के संगम पर स्थित,
      • ऊँचाई: 4 मीटर / 13 फीट
    • सदा बहार / निम्मी जलप्रपात ⭐ –
      • ऊँचाई: 18 मीटर / 59 फीट

    धनबाद ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • मुनीदीह / भटिंडा जलप्रपात ⭐ – मुनीदीह खदान के पास, कतरी नदी के समीप स्थित

    बोकारो ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • चंद्रू जलप्रपात – विशनुगढ़–गोमिया मार्ग पर
    • वरदपर्वा जलप्रपात – बोकारो नदी पर
    • मुचरी नाला जलप्रपात – झारखंड-बंगाल सीमा पर बहने वाली धारा पर

    गिरिडीह ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • उसरी जलप्रपात ⭐ –
      • उसरी नदी (बराकर की सहायक) पर,
      • खंडोली पहाड़ियों में स्थित

    देवघर ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • बकुलिया जलप्रपात

    पश्चिम सिंहभूम ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • हिरनी जलप्रपात –
      • गढ़ा/रामगढ़ा नदी पर,
      • ऊँचाई: 37 मीटर
    • ठकोरा जलप्रपात – मांझरी प्रखंड, विदरी गाँव
    • सुपुंगड जलप्रपात – लुपुंग गाँव में

    पूर्वी सिंहभूम ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • धारागिरी जलप्रपात – स्वर्णरेखा नदी पर, घाटशिला के पास
    • घाघरा जलप्रपात – ऊँचाई: 9 मीटर / 30 फीट

    सरायकेला-खरसावाँ ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • हेसाकोचा एवं दूरदुरी जलप्रपात

    साहिबगंज ज़िले के जलप्रपात

    • मोतीझर जलप्रपात ⭐ –
      • अजय नदी पर, राजमहल पहाड़ियों में स्थित
      • ऊँचाई: 46 मीटर / 150 फीट

    प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं (JPSC/JSSC) हेतु मुख्य बिंदु

    • सबसे ऊँचा जलप्रपात: लोढ़ जलप्रपात (143 मीटर) – लातेहार
    • दूसरा सबसे ऊँचा: हुण्डरू जलप्रपात (98 मीटर) – राँची
    • ऐतिहासिक महत्व: जोनहा जलप्रपात – गौतम बुद्ध से संबंधित
    • सांस्कृतिक जुड़ाव: दासम (मुंडारी शब्द), सीता जलप्रपात (मंदिर निकट)
    • हाइड्रोपावर स्थल: हुण्डरू जलप्रपात (65 मेगावाट संयंत्र)

    झारखंड में गर्म जलस्रोत (Hot Springs in Jharkhand)

    गर्म जलकुंड वहाँ बनते हैं जहाँ भूमिगत जल-स्तर धरती की सतह से मिलता है और भूतापीय ऊष्मा के कारण पानी गरम होकर सतह पर आता है। ये प्रायः निष्क्रिय ज्वालामुखियों या रेडियोधर्मी खनिजों से युक्त क्षेत्रों में पाए जाते हैं।

    मुख्य विशेषताएँ

    • इनमें खनिज लवण, सल्फर, और अन्य तत्व पाए जाते हैं।
    • इनका पानी गठिया, एनीमिया, त्वचा रोगों में औषधीय गुण रखता है।
    • ये मुख्यतः हजारीबाग, दुमका, धनबाद, पाकुड़ आदि में स्थित हैं।

    झारखंड के प्रमुख गर्म जलस्रोतों की सूची:

    क्र.जलस्रोतजिलाविशेषता
    1सूरजकुंड ⭐हजारीबागभारत का सबसे गर्म जलस्रोत (88°C/190°F)। पाँच कुंड – सूपकुंड, रामकुंड, लक्ष्मणकुंड, सीताकुंड, टाइगर फॉल
    2टाइगर फॉलहजारीबागबराकर नदी पर स्थित
    3हरहदहजारीबाग–
    4कावाहजारीबाग–
    5हरहद (फिर सूचीबद्ध)हजारीबाग–
    6रानी बहालदुमकामयूराक्षी नदी पर
    7झुमका / भूमकादुमकारानी बहाल के पास, मयूर / मयूराक्षी नदी पर
    8तपतापानीदुमका–
    9झरियापानीदुमका–
    10टाटलोईदुमका–
    11बराझरनादुमका–
    12नबीलदुमका–
    13सुसुमपानीदुमका–
    14टेटुलियाधनबादकुमराबाद में मयूर नदी पर
    15चरकखुर्दधनबाददामोदर नदी के पास
    16टाटापानीलातेहारबारवाडीह प्रखंड में स्थित
    17दुआचतरा–
    18शिवपुर सोतापाकुड़शिवपुर गाँव, महेशपुर प्रखंड
    19बरमसियापाकुड़–
    20लाडलौदाहपाकुड़महेशपुर प्रखंड में
    21चटकमपाकुड़बोरू नदी पर, लिट्टीपाड़ा प्रखंड

    नोट: ⭐ चिह्नित तथ्य परीक्षा में पूछे गए हैं।

    झारखंड की प्रमुख झीलें एवं जलाशय

    झारखंड की झीलें एवं जलाशय जल स्रोत के साथ-साथ पर्यटन केंद्र भी हैं। कुछ ऐतिहासिक महत्व रखते हैं और कई मानव निर्मित हैं।

    प्रमुख झीलों एवं जलाशयों की सूची:

    क्र.नामस्थानविशेषता
    1स्वामी विवेकानंद सरोवर ⭐राँचीराँची के मध्य में स्थित, चारों ओर सड़क। मध्य में 33 फीट की विवेकानंद प्रतिमा (अनिल कुमार सुतार द्वारा निर्मित)।
    2कांके डैमराँची–
    3धुर्वा डैमराँची–
    4डिमना झीलजमशेदपुरदलमा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य के निकट
    5जयन्ती सरोवरजमशेदपुरजमशेदपुर के केंद्र में
    6हुडको झीलजमशेदपुर–
    7डोबो झीलजमशेदपुरटेल्को कॉलोनी में
    8हजारीबाग झीलहजारीबाग1831 में ब्रिटिश शासन द्वारा निर्मित
    9टोपचांची झील ⭐धनबाद214 एकड़ क्षेत्र में फैली
    10गर्गा डैमबोकारोबोकारो शहर से 12 किमी दूर
    11बसंतराय तालाब ⭐गोड्डापथरगामा में, 50 एकड़ में फैला, चैता संक्रांति पर मेला
    12फांसीहारी तालाब ⭐चतरा4 अक्टूबर 1857 को मंगल पांडे और नादिर अली खान को यहाँ फाँसी दी गई थी
    13पलना झीलखरसावाँ–
    14बुरुडीह झीलघाटशिला–
    15मुलर टैंक ⭐गोड्डाफ्रेडरिक मैक्स मुलर द्वारा निर्मित

    नोट: ⭐ चिह्नित तथ्य परीक्षाओं में बार-बार पूछे गए हैं।

    परीक्षा-संबंधी संक्षिप्त सार (JPSC/JSSC/SSC आदि):

    • सूरजकुंड (हजारीबाग) – भारत का सबसे गर्म जलस्रोत (88°C)
    • स्वामी विवेकानंद झील (राँची) – प्रमुख पर्यटन एवं धार्मिक स्थल
    • टाटापानी (लातेहार), टाटलोई (दुमका) – गर्म जल के लिए प्रसिद्ध
    • टोपचांची झील, बसंतराय तालाब, फांसीहारी तालाब – ऐतिहासिक-सांस्कृतिक महत्व
    • अधिकांश गर्म जलकुंड – छोटानागपुर पठार क्षेत्र में स्थित

    यह विषय क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है?

    • JPSC, JSSC, SSC CGL, रेलवे आदि में अक्सर पूछा जाता है
    • भूगोल, पर्यावरण एवं झारखंड सामान्य ज्ञान खंड में उपयोगी
    • तथ्य आधारित एवं स्थिर विषय होने से अंक प्राप्ति में सहायक

  • Jharkhand’s Ganga River Conservation Authority, Major Waterfalls, Hot Springs & Lakes – Complete Guide for JPSC & JSSC Exams 2025

    Jharkhand State Ganga River Conservation Authority

    • The Ganga River flows through Sahebganj district of Jharkhand.
    • To ensure Jharkhand’s participation in Ganga River conservation, the Central Government constituted the Jharkhand State Ganga River Conservation Authority.
    • Established on: 20th February 2009
    • Headquartered at: Ranchi
    • Chairperson: Chief Minister of Jharkhand
    • Other core members include:
      • State Minister of Environment
      • Finance Minister
      • Urban Development Minister
      • Water Resources & Irrigation Minister
      • Chief Secretary (serving as Secretary)
    • The State Government can also nominate:
      • Additional Ministers
      • 5 co-opted experts in fields like:
        • River Conservation
        • Hydrology
        • Environmental Engineering
        • Social Organization
        • Other related areas

    Powers & Functions of the Authority:

    1. Empowered to take all necessary measures for effective pollution mitigation and implementation of directives of the National Ganga River Basin Authority.
    2. Will focus on sewage infrastructure, catchment area treatment, floodplain security, and public awareness at the state level.
    3. Will regulate and promote pollution prevention, control, and mitigation activities and focus on river ecology and management.
    4. Will encourage:
      • Water recycling & reuse
      • Rainwater harvesting
      • Decentralized sewage treatment
      • Watershed storage projects to promote water conservation.
    5. Will attempt to maintain minimum ecological flow in the Ganga through water conservation methods ensuring sustainable development.
    6. Will monitor and review programs/activities prepared by implementing agencies for pollution control and river health.
    7. Will resolve issues like:
      • Land acquisition
      • Encroachment
      • Contracts
      • Power supply
      • And others related to the implementation of NGRBA guidelines
    8. Jurisdiction: Limited to the state of Jharkhand

    Fact Asked in Exams: The Authority was formed on 20th Feb, 2009 and is headquartered in Ranchi.

    Major Waterfalls of Jharkhand

    Jharkhand’s plateau regions give rise to several waterfalls due to the erosion of soft rocks and obstruction by hard rocks. Below is a detailed list:

    Waterfalls in Latehar District:

    1. Burhaghagh / Lodhaghagh*
      • Highest waterfall in Jharkhand – 143 meters / 469 feet
      • Located on the Burha River, a tributary of the North Koel
      • Most profound area is called Chitidah
    2. Upper Ghaghri (Apar Ghaghri)
      • Located in Netarhat on the Ghaghri River
      • Height: 43 meters / 140 feet
      • 🐃 Formerly called Bhainsborwa (a buffalo used to bathe here during summers)
    3. Lower Ghaghri (Nichla Ghaghri)
      • Netarhat | Height: 30 meters / 100 feet
    4. Suidari
      • Located in Mahuadanr block
      • Drops from 250–300 feet forming a small reservoir
      • Merges into the Burha River
    5. Gautamghagh
      • Mahuadanr Block | Height: 36 meters / 120 feet
    6. Mirchaiya
      • Located in Garu block
    7. Kanti Waterfall
      • Located near Senha village, 6 km away
    8. Datam-Patam
      • Located in Herhanj Block

    Waterfalls in Garhwa District:

    1. Gursindhu
      • On Kanhar River in Chinia region
    2. Balchaura
      • On Kanhar River, Ghughri block
    3. Sukhaldari
      • Kanhar River | Height: 30 meters / 98 feet
    4. Gangajhanjh
    5. Satu
    6. Satbahini
      • Located in Hussainabad block
      • Created by the Satbahini River

    Waterfall in Palamu District:

    1. Kund Waterfall

    Waterfall in Ranchi District:

    1. Hundru Falls*
      • Second highest waterfall in Jharkhand
      • Height: 98 meters / 322 feet
      • Situated on the Subarnarekha River
      • A 65 MW hydro project is established nearby

    Fact Asked in Exams:

    • Burhaghagh (Lodh Falls) – Highest waterfall in Jharkhand
    • Hundru Falls – Second highest, on Subarnarekha River

    Key Notes for Exams:

    • All exam-asked facts are marked with (*)
    • Focus districts: Latehar, Garhwa, Palamu, Ranchi
    • Important rivers: Burha, Koel, Ghaghri, Kanhar, Subarnarekha
    • Relevant for: JPSC, JSSC, CDPO, TGT, SI, and other competitive exams
    • Burhaghat / Lodhghagh / Lodh Falls*
      • Tallest waterfall in Jharkhand (143 m / 469 ft)
      • Formed on Burha River, a tributary of North Koel River
      • Deepest part is called Chitidah
    • Upper Ghaghri & Lower Ghaghri Falls
      • Located in Netarhat on Ghaghri River
      • Lower Ghaghri (43 m / 140 ft) – formerly known as Bhainsborwa
      • Upper Ghaghri (30 m / 100 ft)
    • Suidhari Falls
      • In Mahuadanr block, forms a small reservoir
      • Falls into Burha River
    • Mirchaiya Falls (36 m / 120 ft) – Mahuadanr block
    • Kanti Falls – Located in Garu block
    • Datam-Patam Falls – 6 km from Senha village

    Waterfalls in Garhwa District

    • Gursindhu Falls – Kanhar River, Chinhiya area
    • Balchaura Falls – Kanhar River, Ghurki block
    • Sukhaldari Falls* – (30 m / 98 ft)
    • Gangajhar, Satu, Satbahini Falls
      • Satbahini River, located in Husainganj block

    Waterfalls in Ranchi District

    • Hundru Falls*
      • Second highest waterfall in Jharkhand (98 m / 322 ft)
      • Located on Subarnarekha River
      • 65 MW hydropower plant nearby
    • Dassam / Dasong / Da:Som Falls*
      • (44 m / 144 ft), on Kanchi River, in Taimara Valley
      • Name ‘Dassam’ means “divided stream”
      • ‘Da: Som’ in Mundari means “accumulated water”
    • Jonha / Gautamdhara Falls*
      • (43 m / 141 ft), on Raru River
      • Gautam Buddha is believed to have bathed here
      • A Buddhist temple nearby
    • Sonua, Sita Falls*
      • Sita Falls – example of Hanging Valley
      • Located in Angara block, near Sita temple
    • Tiru Falls – On Banai River

    Waterfalls in Khunti District

    • Panchghagh Falls – Splits into 5 streams
    • Perewaghagh, Rani, Pangura, Remix Falls

    Waterfalls in Lohardaga District

    • Lava Pani, Ghargharia, Nindi Falls

    Waterfalls in Gumla District

    • Hepad Falls – at the foothills of Pat region
    • Nagpheni Falls – at origin of Ghaghra River
    • Sadni / Sadnighagh Falls*
      • On Shankh River, 60 m / 200 ft
      • Divides into five streams, nicknamed Panchgarh
    • Premagagh Falls – Serpent-shaped, in Raidih block
    • Merka Falls – Bishunpur block, on Serka River

    Waterfalls in Simdega District

    • Kelaghagh, Sugakata Falls – On Shankh River

    Waterfalls in Chatra District

    • Goa Falls – Located in Jalad village
    • Tamasir, Maludah, Dumer-Sumer, Khaiva-Baru, Keridah Falls

    Waterfalls in Hazaribagh District

    • Surajkund Falls*
      • Known for hot springs
    • Bokaro Falls, Ghaghra Falls

    Waterfalls in Ramgarh District

    • Rajrappa Falls*
      • Located at confluence of Damodar and Bhairavi Rivers
      • Height: 4 m / 13 ft
    • Sada Bahar / Nimmi Falls*
      • Height: 18 m / 59 ft

    Waterfalls in Dhanbad District

    • Munidih / Bhatinda Falls*
      • Near Munidih mines, close to Katari River

    Waterfalls in Bokaro District

    • Chandru Falls – On Vishnugarh–Gomia route
    • Varadparwa Falls – On Bokaro River
    • Muchri Nala Falls
      • Stream forming state border with West Bengal

    Waterfalls in Giridih District

    • Usri Falls*
      • On Usri River, a tributary of Barakar
      • Located at Khandoli Hills

    Waterfalls in Devghar District

    • Bakulia Falls

    Waterfalls in West Singhbhum

    • Hirni Falls – On Garha/Ramgarha River, height 37 m
    • Thakora Falls – Manjhari block, Vidri village
    • Supungd Falls – Lupung village

    Waterfalls in East Singhbhum

    • Dharagiri Falls – On Subarnarekha River, near Ghatsila
    • Ghaghra Falls – Height: 9 m / 30 ft

    Waterfalls in Seraikela-Kharsawan District

    • Hesakocha & DurDuri Falls

    Waterfalls in Sahibganj District

    • Motijhara Falls*
      • On Ajay River, Rajmahal Hills
      • Height: 46 m / 150 ft

    Key Takeaways for Competitive Exams (JPSC/JSSC)

    • Tallest waterfall: Lodh Falls (143 m) – Latehar
    • Second tallest: Hundru Falls (98 m) – Ranchi
    • Historical relevance: Jonha Falls – Linked with Gautam Buddha
    • Cultural connections: Dassam (Mundari word), Sita Falls (temple nearby)
    • Hydropower site: Hundru Falls (65 MW plant)

    Hot Springs in Jharkhand (गर्म जलकुंड)

    Hot springs are formed where the groundwater table intersects the Earth’s surface, allowing geothermal heat to warm the underground water, which then rises to the surface. These are usually associated with extinct volcanoes or radioactive minerals in the Earth’s crust.

    Key Characteristics:

    • Contain mineral salts, sulphur, and other elements.
    • Water has medicinal properties effective against arthritis, anemia, and skin diseases.
    • Found mainly in Hazaribagh, Dumka, Dhanbad, Pakur, etc.

    List of Major Hot Springs in Jharkhand:

    S.No.Hot SpringDistrictSpecial Feature
    1Surajkund HazaribaghHottest spring in India (88°C/190°F). Five kunds: Soupkund, Ramkund, Lakshmankund, Sitakund, and Tiger Fall
    2Tiger FallHazaribaghLocated on the Barakar River
    3HarhadHazaribagh–
    4KawaHazaribagh–
    5Harhad (Again listed)Hazaribagh–
    6Rani BahalDumkaOn the Mayurakshi River
    7Jhumka / BhumkaDumkaNear Rani Bahal on Mour/Mayurakshi River
    8TapatapaniDumka–
    9JharyapaniDumka–
    10Tatloi Dumka–
    11BarajharnaDumka–
    12NabilDumka–
    13SusumpaniDumka–
    14TetuliaDhanbadLocated in Kumrabad on Mour River
    15CharakkhurdDhanbadNear Damodar River
    16TatapaniLateharLocated in Barwadih block
    17DuaChatra–
    18Shivpur SotaPakurIn Shivpur village, Maheshpur block
    19BaramasiaPakur–
    20LadlaudahPakurIn Maheshpur block
    21ChatkamPakurOn the Boru River, in Littipara block

    🔸 Note: Facts asked in exams have been marked with a star (⭐).

    Important Lakes and Reservoirs in Jharkhand

    Lakes and reservoirs in Jharkhand are not only water resources but also tourism hotspots. Many have historic significance, and some are man-made.

    List of Major Lakes and Reservoirs:

    S.No.NameLocationSpecial Feature
    1Swami Vivekananda Sarovar ⭐RanchiLocated in the heart of Ranchi, surrounded by roads. A 33-feet statue of Swami Vivekananda, sculpted by Anil Kumar Sutar, is installed at the center.
    2Kanke DamRanchi–
    3Dhurwa DamRanchi–
    4Dimna LakeJamshedpurNear Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary
    5Jayanti SarovarJamshedpurLocated in central Jamshedpur
    6Hudco LakeJamshedpur–
    7Dobo LakeJamshedpurLocated within Telco Colony
    8Hazaribagh LakeHazaribaghBuilt in 1831 by the British government
    9Topchanchi Lake ⭐DhanbadSpread over 214 acres
    10Garga DamBokaroLocated 12 km from Bokaro city
    11Basantaray Talab ⭐GoddaLocated in Pathargama; spreads over 50 acres; a large fair is organized during Chaita Sankranti.
    12Fansihaari Talab ⭐ChatraOn 4 October 1857, Mangal Pandey and Nadir Ali Khan were hanged here.
    13Palna LakeKharsawan–
    14Burudih LakeGhatshila–
    15Muller’s Tank ⭐GoddaBuilt by Frederick Max Muller

    🔸 Note: Starred facts have been frequently asked in exams.

    Summary for Exams (JPSC/JSSC/SSC etc.):

    • Surajkund (Hazaribagh) is the hottest hot spring in India at 88°C.
    • Swami Vivekananda Lake in Ranchi is a prominent tourist and religious site.
    • Tatapani (Latehar) and Tatloi (Dumka) are important for their thermal properties.
    • Topchanchi Lake, Basantaray Talab, and Fansihaari Talab hold historic and cultural significance.
    • Most hot springs in Jharkhand are located in the Chotanagpur Plateau region.

    Why This Topic Matters?

    • Frequently asked in exams like JPSC, JSSC, SSC CGL, and Railway.
    • Useful for Geography, Environment, and Jharkhand GK sections.
    • High-scoring area due to fact-based and static nature.

  • झारखंड की भौगोलिक एवं आर्थिक स्थिति: एक विस्तृत विश्लेषण

    आर्थिक विशेषताएँ

    • प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का अर्द्धविकसित उपयोग
      • झारखंड खनिज संपदा से भरपूर राज्य है लेकिन इसका पूरा उपयोग नहीं हो पा रहा है।
      • 28.8% क्षेत्रफल ही खेती योग्य है।
      • 30.22% भूमि बंजर, परती या अनुपजाऊ है।
      • खनिज और जल संसाधन होने के बावजूद संस्थागत रुकावटें और नीतिगत खामियाँ विकास में बाधक हैं।
      • विनिर्माण क्षेत्र में असंतुलन है।
      • राज्य की GDP में हिस्सेदारी 2015-16 में 1.84% थी जो 2018-19 में घटकर 1.61% हो गई।
    • कृषि पर अत्यधिक निर्भरता
      • 70% से 85% जनसंख्या कृषि पर निर्भर है।
      • कृषि में आधुनिक तकनीकों की कमी है, जिससे उत्पादकता कम है।
      • कृषि का GSDP में योगदान:
        • 2016–17: 14.97%
        • 2017–18: 15%
        • 2022–23: 22%
    • पूंजी की कमी
      • पूंजी की दोहरी कमी — प्रति व्यक्ति पूंजी और पूंजी निर्माण दर दोनों ही कम हैं।
      • कम बचत दर के कारण निवेश कम है।
      • प्रति एक लाख जनसंख्या पर केवल 10 बैंक (2020-21 के अनुसार)।
      • 2018 में कृषि ऋण कुल बैंक ऋण का मात्र 15.55% था।
      • एनपीए 5.87% तक पहुंच गया।
    • औद्योगीकरण में गिरावट
      • आधुनिक और बड़े उद्योगों की कमी है।
      • उद्योगों का GSDP में योगदान:
        • 2011–12: 41.9%
        • 2018–19: 34.93%
        • 2021–22: 33.6%
      • सेवा क्षेत्र का योगदान: 44.1%
    • कम प्रति व्यक्ति आय और जीवन स्तर
      • प्रति व्यक्ति आय:
        • 2001–02: ₹10,129
        • 2018–19: ₹76,806
        • 2020–21: ₹51,365
      • राष्ट्रीय औसत (2020–21): ₹1,12,835
      • झारखंड की रैंकिंग: 26वाँ
      • 70% परिवारों को सरकारी स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ उपलब्ध नहीं।
    • आर्थिक असमानता
      • आय और संपत्ति की असमानता विशेषकर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में अधिक।
      • पूँजी और संसाधनों पर मुट्ठीभर वर्ग का नियंत्रण है।
    • बेरोजगारी एवं छिपी बेरोजगारी
      • 2018–19 में बेरोजगारी दर:
        • राष्ट्रीय: 3.6%
        • झारखंड: 7.7%
      • कृषि में छिपी बेरोजगारी उच्च है।
    • गरीबी का दुष्चक्र
      • गरीबी → कम आय → कुपोषण → कार्यक्षमता में कमी → फिर से कम आय।
    • बैंकिंग एवं वित्तीय संस्थान
      • बैंक शाखाएँ: 3,008
      • एटीएम: 3,473
      • सीमित वित्तीय पहुँच; विशेषकर सिमडेगा, लातेहार, लोहरदगा, खूंटी में।
      • बैंकों द्वारा ऋण वितरण में झिझक।

    जनसंख्या से जुड़ी चुनौतियाँ

    • (i) उच्च जन्म एवं मृत्यु दर
      • 2015: जन्म दर – 23.5 प्रति हजार
      • 2016: शिशु मृत्यु दर – 29
      • 2020: जन्म दर – 16.66, मृत्यु दर – 3.06
    • (ii) जनसंख्या में तीव्र वृद्धि
      • दशक दर वृद्धि (2001–2011): 22.34%
      • राष्ट्रीय औसत: 17.70%
      • उच्च वृद्धि वाले जिले: कोडरमा, लातेहार, चतरा, गिरिडीह, पाकुड़, देवघर
      • कम वृद्धि वाले जिले: धनबाद, रामगढ़, पूर्वी सिंहभूम, बोकारो, सिमडेगा, दुमका
    • (iii) ग्रामीण जनसंख्या का प्रभुत्व
      • कुल जनसंख्या: 3.29 करोड़
      • ग्रामीण: 76%, शहरी: 24%
    • (iv) आश्रित जनसंख्या का भार
      • 5 वर्ष से कम आयु: 16%
      • 60+ वृद्ध जनसंख्या में वृद्धि
    • (v) पोषण की कमी
      • शारीरिक क्षमता और उत्पादकता प्रभावित
      • सरकार द्वारा ICDS योजना लागू

    सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक एवं प्रशासनिक पहलू

    • (i) निम्न साक्षरता दर
      • झारखंड: 54.13%
      • राष्ट्रीय औसत: 64.2%
      • महिला साक्षरता: 39.38%
      • छत्तीसगढ़: 65.2%, उत्तराखंड: 72.3%
    • (ii) सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण और प्रेरणा की कमी
      • सामाजिक पिछड़ापन, रूढ़िवादिता और आत्मबल की कमी विकास में बाधा।
    • (iii) विधि-व्यवस्था की स्थिति
      • 2021 में दर्ज अपराध: 1,792
      • हत्या के मामले: 1,606
      • आर्थिक गतिविधियों और निवेश पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव।

    तकनीकी एवं अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याएँ

    • (i) तकनीकी ज्ञान की कमी
      • पारंपरिक तरीके प्रचलित; आधुनिक तकनीक का अभाव।
      • कुशल श्रमिकों की भारी कमी।
    • (ii) परिवहन एवं संचार का अभाव
      • अविकसित नेटवर्क, जिससे बाजार और सेवाओं तक पहुँच सीमित।
      • सेवा और उद्योग क्षेत्रों के विस्तार में बाधा।

    कृषि एवं औद्योगिक विकास

    • कृषि की स्थिति
      • 2014–15 में चावल उत्पादन: 20,07,881 मीट्रिक टन
      • 2019–20 में: 34,02,173 मीट्रिक टन
      • गेहूँ उत्पादन: 93,253 → 1,86,903 मीट्रिक टन
      • खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में 37% की वृद्धि
      • दलहन उत्पादन में 33.6% की वृद्धि
      • बेहतर बीज, सिंचाई और वैज्ञानिक खेती का योगदान
    • औद्योगिक विकास के संकेत
      • आधारभूत उद्योगों का धीरे-धीरे विकास हो रहा है।
      • पूंजी निर्माण और निवेश दरों में सुधार।
      • निवेश दर 25.9% तक पहुँची।

    झारखंड की भूमि, मिट्टी, सिंचाई और कृषि

    • भूमि व मिट्टी संबंधी समस्याएँ
      • 29.76% वनाच्छादित क्षेत्र (2021 तक)।
      • 72% भूमि पठारी और कठोर; कृषि के लिए अनुपयुक्त।
      • 23.22 लाख हेक्टेयर जंगल, 5.66 लाख हेक्टेयर बंजर।
      • केवल 7.24 लाख हेक्टेयर कृषि योग्य।
    • भूमि उपयोग (प्रतिशत में) भूमि उपयोग प्रकारप्रतिशतशुद्ध बोया क्षेत्र18.12%वर्तमान परती16.13%वन क्षेत्र28.09%अन्य परती13.86%कृषि अयोग्य16.07%गैर-कृषि कार्य8.6%बंजर भूमि4.62%चरागाह1.59%वृक्षाच्छादित1.52%कृषि योग्य परती3.44%
    • कृषि में सिंचाई की स्थिति
      • 92% खेती वर्षा पर निर्भर
      • सिंचाई:
        • खरीफ: 8%, रबी: 6%
      • सिंचित क्षेत्र में वृद्धि का आंकड़ा (2010–15):
        • 2010–11: 210 (हजार हेक्टेयर), कुल बोया: 1384 → 15.2%
        • 2014–15: 153, कुल बोया: 1250 → 12.2%
    • मिट्टी का वर्गीकरण
      • टांड़-I, II, III (ऊँची जमीन)
      • डोन-III, II, डोन (मध्यम से नीची जमीन)
      • उच्च भूमि: लाल-भूरी, अम्लीय, पोषक तत्वों की कमी
      • मध्यम भूमि: पीली-लाल, संतुलित अम्लीयता
      • नीची भूमि: भारी, क्षारीय, जैविक कार्बन युक्त
    • मृदा अपरदन
      • 23 लाख हेक्टेयर भूमि प्रतिवर्ष कटाव का शिकार
      • कुल भूमि का 40% हल्के से गंभीर कटाव से प्रभावित
      • उर्वरता में गिरावट
    • मिट्टी की अम्लीयता
      • 16 लाख हेक्टेयर अत्यधिक अम्लीय
      • प्रभावित फसलें: दालें, तिलहन, मक्का, गेहूं, सब्जियाँ
    • प्रमुख फसलें और क्षेत्रवार विवरण
      • धान:
        • मुख्य फसल, 15 लाख हेक्टेयर क्षेत्र
        • प्रमुख जिले: रांची, दुमका, सिंहभूम
      • गेहूं:
        • चौथी प्रमुख फसल
        • प्रमुख जिले: पलामू (25%), हजारीबाग, गोड्डा
      • मक्का:
        • दूसरा महत्वपूर्ण अनाज
        • प्रमुख जिले: दुमका, हजारीबाग, गिरिडीह
      • चना:
        • प्रमुख जिले: पलामू, गोड्डा, गुमला
      • सब्जियाँ:
        • क्षेत्र: 2.89 लाख हेक्टेयर
        • प्रमुख सब्जियाँ: आलू, मटर, मूली, गाजर, टमाटर
        • जिले: रांची, हजारीबाग, दुमका

    झारखंड: वन, वन्यजीव, पर्यावरण संरक्षण, खनिज संपदा, कृषि, निर्यात व कुटीर उद्योगों की समग्र तस्वीर

    झारखंड प्राकृतिक संसाधनों, जैव विविधता, खनिजों और पारंपरिक उद्योगों से समृद्ध राज्य है। यहां वन संरक्षण, वन्यजीव संवर्धन, कृषि उत्पादन, कुटीर उद्योग और खनिज उत्पादन जैसे कई क्षेत्रों में निरंतर प्रगति हो रही है। नीचे झारखंड से संबंधित विभिन्न पहलुओं की विस्तृत जानकारी दी जा रही है:

    वन और पर्यावरण संरक्षण

    • राष्ट्रीय वन नीति (1988) के अंतर्गत पर्यावरणीय संतुलन, वन संरक्षण, जन भागीदारी और पुनर्वनीकरण पर बल दिया गया है।
    • मुख्य उद्देश्य:
      • पारिस्थितिक संतुलन बनाए रखना।
      • प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का संरक्षण और पुनर्वनीकरण।
      • मृदा कटाव रोकना, बालू के टीलों का विस्तार रोकना।
      • सामाजिक वनीकरण और जन-सहभागिता बढ़ाना।
      • ग्रामीण व आदिवासी समुदायों की ईंधन, चारा व लघु वनोपज की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति।
    • वन सर्वेक्षण 2021 के अनुसार झारखंड की वन स्थिति:
      • अत्यंत घना वन: 2601.05 वर्ग किमी (3.26%)
      • मध्यम घना वन: 9688.91 वर्ग किमी (12.16%)
      • खुला वन क्षेत्र: 11,431.18 वर्ग किमी (14.34%)
      • झाड़-झंखाड़ वन: 584.20 वर्ग किमी (0.73%)
    • प्रमुख वृक्ष प्रजातियाँ:
      • साल, असन, गम्हार, बिजा साल, करम, सालई, खैर, धावड़ा, सेमल, बांस, महुआ, करंज, पलाश, कुसुम, बेर, अमलतास, केंद आदि।
      • झाड़ियाँ और घास: पुटुश और सवाई घास।
    • वन संरक्षण कानून 1980 के तहत केंद्र की अनुमति के बिना वन भूमि का गैर-वन कार्यों में प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता।
    • जनजातीय क्षेत्र में degraded forest के पुनरुत्थान हेतु योजना:
      • “उपभोगाधिकार के आधार पर आदिवासियों और ग्रामीण गरीबों द्वारा वन पुनरुत्थान”
      • रोजगार व वन अधिकारों की व्यवस्था।

    वन्यजीव और संरक्षित क्षेत्र

    • प्रमुख वन्यजीव: भालू, लंगूर, बंदर, जंगली कुत्ते, चीतल, सांभर, नीलगाय, जंगली सूअर, हाथी, बाघ, तेंदुआ, गौर (बाइसन), भेड़िया, लकड़बग्घा, पक्षी, सरीसृप, कीट आदि।
    • राष्ट्रीय उद्यान:
      • बेतला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (पलामू) – 1986
    • वन्यजीव अभयारण्य:
      • पलामू टाइगर रिजर्व – 1129.93 वर्ग किमी (1973)
      • हजारीबाग अभयारण्य – 186.25 वर्ग किमी (1976)
      • महुआडांड़ वुल्फ अभयारण्य – 63.25 वर्ग किमी
      • दलमा अभयारण्य – 193.22 वर्ग किमी
      • टोपचांची (धनबाद) – 12.82 वर्ग किमी
      • लवालौंग (चतरा) – 211.03 वर्ग किमी
      • कोडरमा – 177.35 वर्ग किमी
      • पारसनाथ (गिरिडीह) – 39.33 वर्ग किमी
      • पलाकोट (गुमला) – 183.18 वर्ग किमी
      • उधवा पक्षी अभयारण्य (साहेबगंज) – 1991
    • विशेष संरक्षित क्षेत्र:
      • सिंहभूम हाथी रिज़र्व – 23,440 वर्ग किमी
      • राजमहल जीवाश्म अभयारण्य – 5.65 वर्ग किमी
      • गिद्ध प्रजनन केंद्र, ओरमांझी
      • मगरमच्छ प्रजनन केंद्र, मूत (ओरमांझी)
      • बिरसा डियर पार्क, खूँटी
      • भगवान बिरसा जैविक उद्यान, ओरमांझी – 6.65 वर्ग किमी
    • वन्यजीव जनगणना 2002:
      • बाघ – 34
      • तेंदुआ – 164
      • हाथी – 758
      • चीतल – 16,384
      • सांभर – 3,052
      • नीलगाय – 1,262
      • गौर – 256
      • भालू – 1,808
      • जंगली सूअर – 18,550

    झारखंड में सब्जी उत्पादन और निर्यात

    • कुल सब्जी उत्पादन: 34.75 लाख मीट्रिक टन
    • निर्यात राज्य: ओडिशा, पश्चिम बंगाल, मध्य प्रदेश, उत्तर प्रदेश
    • मुख्य बढ़ते उत्पादन: बैंगन, फूलगोभी, प्याज, मटर, आलू, टमाटर
    • 2021–22 अनुमानित उत्पादन: 38.18 लाख मीट्रिक टन
      • आलू – 4.29 लाख मीट्रिक टन
      • टमाटर – 4.29 लाख मीट्रिक टन
      • बंदगोभी – 3.20 लाख मीट्रिक टन
    • कुछ वर्षों में हल्की गिरावट भी देखी गई है।
    • प्रति व्यक्ति आवश्यक सब्जी मात्रा: 280 ग्राम/दिन
    • झारखंड की उपलब्धता: 246 ग्राम/दिन
    • राष्ट्रीय औसत: 230 ग्राम/दिन
    • निष्कर्ष: झारखंड राष्ट्रीय औसत से बेहतर उत्पादन करता है, परन्तु आंतरिक मांग का केवल 80% ही पूरा कर पाता है।

    खनिज संपदा

    • राष्ट्रीय हिस्सेदारी:
      • कोयला – 29%
      • तांबा – 18%
      • लोहा – 29%
      • बॉक्साइट – 105% (विविध स्रोतों से)
      • पाइराइट – 95%
      • एपाटाइट – 30%
    • अन्य खनिज: मैंगनीज, क्रोमियम, चूना पत्थर, चीन मिट्टी, फायर क्ले, चांदी, डोलोमाइट, यूरेनियम, सल्फर आदि।
    • भारत में योगदान:
      • कुल खनिज उत्पादन मूल्य का 26%
      • खनिज उत्पादन मात्रा का 36%
    • 2013–14 में खनिज उत्पादन मूल्य: ₹20,685.41 करोड़
    • रॉयल्टी: ₹645 करोड़
    • 2022–23 में गौण खनिज उत्पादन (रेत, बजरी, मौरंग): 32.72 लाख मीट्रिक टन
    • शीर्ष रॉयल्टी प्राप्त जिले:
      • पश्चिम सिंहभूम – ₹1865.96 करोड़
      • धनबाद – ₹871.18 करोड़
      • रामगढ़ – ₹277.18 करोड़

    पर्यावरणीय संस्थान

    • झारखंड जैव विविधता बोर्ड (2007):
      • जैव विविधता का संरक्षण व सतत उपयोग।
      • व्यवसायिक उपयोग पर नियंत्रण।
      • लाभ का न्यायसंगत वितरण।
    • झारखंड प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड:
      • जल, वायु, पर्यावरण और बायोमेडिकल अपशिष्ट अधिनियमों का अनुपालन।
      • NOC जारी करना।
      • राँची, धनबाद, जमशेदपुर, हजारीबाग में जल और ध्वनि प्रदूषण की निगरानी।
    • जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रकोष्ठ:
      • UNDP और राज्य सरकार द्वारा स्थापित।
      • जलवायु से संबंधित जानकारी, नीति समर्थन, और जन-जागरूकता।
    • झारखंड स्टेट फॉरेस्ट डेवलपमेंट कॉर्पोरेशन लिमिटेड (2002):
      • नक्शत्र वन और कान्हा पार्क का रखरखाव।
      • केन्दु पत्तों का संग्रहण व विपणन।
      • वन उत्पादों की नीलामी।
      • 3 क्षेत्रीय कार्यालय: राँची, हजारीबाग, देवघर
      • 6 प्रमंडलीय कार्यालय: राँची, जमशेदपुर, हजारीबाग, गिरिडीह, डाल्टनगंज, गढ़वा

    कुटीर एवं लघु उद्योग

    • परंपरागत ग्रामीण उद्योग: खादी, हस्तशिल्प, हथकरघा, रस्सी निर्माण।
    • आधुनिक लघु उद्योग: पॉवरलूम, शहरी क्षेत्रों के विद्युत आधारित उद्योग।

    मुख्य कुटीर उद्योग:

    1. कृषि आधारित उद्योग:
      • चावल, दाल मिलिंग, तेल पेराई, गुड़ निर्माण।
      • अचार, चटनी, मुरब्बा।
      • बीड़ी, तंबाकू उद्योग।
      • डेयरी, मुर्गी पालन, मधुमक्खी पालन।
      • वस्त्र रंगाई-सिलाई।
    2. वस्त्र उद्योग:
      • कपास धुनाई, कताई, बुनाई, छपाई।
    3. लकड़ी उद्योग:
      • आरा मशीन, फर्नीचर निर्माण, खिलौने व औजार।
    4. धातु उद्योग:
      • लोहे, तांबे का परिष्करण, ताले, चाकू, पीतल बर्तन।
    5. चमड़ा उद्योग:
      • चमड़ा परिष्करण, जूते, बेल्ट, हड्डियों से खाद, बटन।
    6. मिट्टी उद्योग:
      • मिट्टी के बर्तन, ईंट, छत की खपरेल, चूना।
    7. अन्य कारीगरी:
      • लाख कारीगरी, चूड़ी, साबुन, रंग, वार्निश।

    रेशम उद्योग (तसर उत्पादन)

    • झारखंड भारत का तसर रेशम का अग्रणी उत्पादक है।
    • मुख्य क्षेत्र: राँची, हजारीबाग, संथाल परगना, पलामू, धनबाद
    • प्रसिद्ध गांव: गेंगैया, सावनी (गोड्डा)
    • मगईया तसर सहकारी समिति – 98 सदस्य, 1000 गज/माह उत्पादन
    • तसर अनुसंधान केंद्र: राँची (रातू के निकट)
    • उत्पादन वितरण:
      • सिंहभूम – 40%
      • दुमका – 25%
      • हजारीबाग – 13%
    • राष्ट्रीय योगदान: भारत के कुल तसर रेशम का 63% झारखंड से आता है।

    बीड़ी और तंबाकू उद्योग

    • मुख्य केंद्र: पाकुड़, सरायकेला, चाईबासा, जमशेदपुर, चक्रधरपुर
    • प्रत्यक्ष रोजगार: 3,13,442 लोग
    • आंशिक/अंशकालिक कार्य: 28,383 लोग
    • भारत में बीड़ी उद्योग के अन्य प्रमुख राज्य: आंध्र प्रदेश (7.5 लाख), मध्य प्रदेश (6.25 लाख)

    लाख उद्योग

    • भारत का प्रमुख लाख उत्पादक राज्य – झारखंड
    • लाख उत्पादन वाले वृक्ष: पलाश, बेर, कुसुम
    • मुख्य क्षेत्र: राँची, हजारीबाग, संथाल परगना, कोडरमा
    • प्रमुख केंद्र: बुंडू, गढ़वा, मुरहू, खूंटी, पाकुड़, डाल्टनगंज, चाईबासा
    • लाख अनुसंधान केंद्र: नामकुम (राँची)
    • लाख के प्रकार:
      • कुसुमी लाख – उच्च गुणवत्ता, कुसुम वृक्ष से।
      • रंगीनी लाख – गहरा लाल रंग, पलाश व बेर से।

    माचिस उद्योग

    • वन उत्पाद आधारित छोटा उद्योग
    • मुख्य केंद्र: कोडरमा जिला

    Also read in English:-
    https://jharkhandexam.in/economic-condition-and-geography-of-jharkhand-a-detailed-overview/

  • Economic Condition and Geography of Jharkhand: A Detailed Overview

    Jharkhand, a mineral-rich state carved out of Bihar in 2000, presents a paradox of immense natural wealth alongside stark economic underdevelopment. The state’s economy can be analyzed under four major categories:

    1. Economic Features

    Semi-Developed Natural Resources

    • Jharkhand has abundant but underutilized or semi-utilized natural resources.
    • A significant portion of land remains barren or uncultivable.
    • Only 28.8% of the total geographical area (79,49,929.9 hectares) is under net sown land.
    • Around 30.22% of land is still classified as fallow, barren, or unproductive.
    • Despite having mineral wealth and water resources, their exploitation is limited due to institutional bottlenecks, flawed policies, and social structures.
    • Imbalance in the manufacturing sector hampers industrial development.
    • Jharkhand’s contribution to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rose slightly from 1.6% in 2000 to 1.84% in 2015-16, and then dropped to 1.61% in 2018-19.

    Heavy Dependence on Agriculture

    • Agriculture remains the primary occupation of 70% to 85% of the population.
    • The economy is heavily reliant on the primary sector.
    • Dependence on agriculture stems from lack of opportunities in other sectors.
    • This leads to:
      • Fragmented landholdings.
      • Hidden/unutilized agricultural labor.
      • Lack of modern agricultural techniques and poor organizational efficiency.
    • As a result, agricultural productivity is low, per capita income is meager, and most farmers live at subsistence levels.
    • Agricultural contribution to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP):
      • 14.97% in 2016–17,
      • 15% in 2017–18,
      • 22% in 2022–23.

    Shortage of Capital

    • Jharkhand faces a dual capital deficiency:
      • Low per capita capital availability.
      • Poor capital formation rate.
    • Inadequate exploitation of resources hampers creation of capital goods.
    • Savings are minimal due to low income-consumption differential.
    • As per 2011 census, the population is 3.29 crore with only 10 banks per 1,00,000 people (as of 2020-21).
    • In 2018, agricultural loans formed only 15.55% of total bank loans, showing a decline from 15.82% in 2017.
    • Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in Jharkhand’s banks were 5.87% of total loans.

    Declining Industrialization

    • The state lacks large-scale, modern industries.
    • Only a small fraction of the population is employed in industrial activities.
    • Existing industrial units are concentrated in specific zones without widespread impact.
    • Industry’s contribution to GSDP:
      • 41.9% in 2011–12,
      • Dropped to 34.93% in 2018–19,
      • Further reduced to 33.6% in 2021–22.
    • The tertiary sector contributed 44.1% to the overall output.

    Low Per Capita Income and Poor Living Standards

    • Being a semi-developed economy, per capita income is low.
    • Most people suffer from poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, and disease.
    • Around 70% of families lack access to government healthcare facilities.
    • Among poor families, less than 16% benefit from health services.
    • Per capita income:
      • ₹10,129 in 2001–02,
      • ₹76,806 in 2018–19,
      • ₹51,365 in 2020–21 (based on 2011–12 base year).
    • National average was ₹1,12,835 in 2020–21.
    • Jharkhand ranked 26th among Indian states in per capita income, just above Assam, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.

    Economic Inequality

    • Wealth and income are unevenly distributed in the state.
    • A small section controls a large share of income, while the majority survives on minimal resources.
    • The disparity is more pronounced in rural areas than urban centers.
    • Wealthy classes enjoy greater saving and investing capacity, maintaining a continuous income flow.
    • Meanwhile, the poor remain excluded due to the absence of effective redistributive mechanisms.

    Unemployment and Disguised Unemployment

    • Jharkhand suffers from widespread unemployment and underemployment.
    • Unemployment rate in 2018–19:
      • National average: 3.6%,
      • Jharkhand: 7.7%.
    • Primary reasons include:
      • Lack of capital,
      • Absence of complementary development infrastructure,
      • High hidden unemployment in agriculture and traditional industries.

    Vicious Cycle of Poverty

    • Jharkhand’s economy is trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty:
      • Poverty leads to low income,
      • Low income leads to poor nutrition,
      • Poor nutrition reduces work capacity,
      • Reduced work capacity further lowers income.
    • Breaking this cycle requires strategic development of production resources.

    Banking and Financial Institutions

    • Banking facilities in Jharkhand remain limited.
    • As of the latest available data:
      • Number of bank branches: 3,008
      • Number of ATMs: 3,473
    • In 2020-21, there were 3,203 bank branches and 3,262 ATMs (as of June 30, 2020).
    • Less than 1% of the state’s ATMs are located in Simdega, Lohardaga, Latehar, and Khunti districts.
    • 10-20% of the ATMs are concentrated in Dhanbad and East Singhbhum.
    • The ratio of branch to currency is significantly low, indicating poor financial penetration.
    • Financial institutions are often reluctant to issue loans, leading to a sluggish pace in economic activities.

    Population-Related Challenges

    (i) High Birth and Death Rates

    • The state experiences relatively higher birth and death rates, mainly due to underdeveloped rural areas.
    • In 2015, the birth rate was 23.5 per thousand, and in 2016, the infant mortality rate was 29.
    • As of 2020:
      • Birth rate: 16.66
      • Death rate: 3.06
      • Ranchi had the highest district-wise death rate: 5.52

    (ii) Rapid Population Growth

    • Decadal population growth rate (2001–2011): 22.34%
      • Much higher than the national average of 17.70%
    • Urban areas are growing faster than rural areas.
    • Districts with higher-than-average growth rates: Koderma, Latehar, Chatra, Giridih, Pakur, and Deoghar.
    • Districts with lower growth than the state average: Dhanbad (11.91%), Ramgarh (13.06%), East Singhbhum (15.53%), Bokaro (15.99%), Simdega (16.62%), Dumka (19.39%)

    (iii) Predominantly Rural Population

    • Total population: 32,966,268
    • Rural population: ~76%
    • Urban population: ~24%
    • The rural-urban divide significantly impacts the state’s economic structure, reflecting a semi-developed economy reliant on agriculture and primary sectors.

    (iv) Heavy Burden of Dependents

    • Estimated 16% of the population is below 5 years of age.
    • 15–59 age group accounts for around 99.9% of the working-age population, yet a large portion of income goes toward consumption rather than investment.
    • Rising percentage of the elderly (60+), while children’s population is decreasing due to better birth control measures.
    • A large dependent population adds pressure on the productive section of society.

    (v) Nutritional Deficiency

    • A significant portion of the population suffers from a lack of nutrition, affecting physical strength and productivity.
    • The government has implemented the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) to combat malnutrition.

    Social, Cultural, Political, and Administrative Aspects

    (i) Low Literacy Rate

    • Literacy rate: 54.13%, significantly below the national average of 64.2%
      • In contrast:
        • Chhattisgarh: 65.2%
        • Uttarakhand: 72.3%
    • Female literacy: Only 39.38%
    • High illiteracy leads to ignorance, superstition, and limited participation in developmental initiatives.
    • Women are particularly disadvantaged, both educationally and socially.

    (ii) Lack of Social Motivation and Outlook

    • Social backwardness and orthodox mentality impede progress.
    • Lack of motivation discourages the flow of labor and capital.
    • Persistent poverty has fostered a sense of fatalism, leading to loss of willpower to improve conditions.
    • This mindset must be addressed to promote economic development.

    (iii) Law and Order

    • As per the National Crime Records Bureau (2021):
      • Jharkhand recorded 1,792 cases of violent and cognizable crimes, including abduction—less than Bihar (10,252), Maharashtra (10,680), and Uttar Pradesh (14,714).
      • Murder cases: 1,606 (1,594 adults)
    • Crime reflects administrative weakness and affects economic activities and investments.

    Technical and Infrastructural Challenges

    (i) Lack of Technical Knowledge

    • Jharkhand follows traditional methods in most sectors due to limited access to modern technical know-how.
    • Low per-worker productivity and high economic costs result from lack of technical training.
    • While modern technologies have reached some areas, most sectors remain untouched.
    • High prevalence of unskilled and illiterate labor with a shortage of skilled workers.

    (ii) Inadequate Transportation and Communication

    • Infrastructure for transportation and communication is underdeveloped.
    • Hinders smooth economic development and access to markets and services.
    • The state lacks large-scale economic structures required for industrial and service sector expansion.

    Agricultural and Industrial Growth

    • Agriculture remains the backbone of Jharkhand’s economy.
    • Rice production:
      • 2014-15: 2,007,881 metric tons
      • 2019-20: 3,402,173 metric tons
    • Wheat production:
      • 2014-15: 93,253 metric tons
      • 2019-20: 186,903 metric tons
    • Between 2004–05 and 2017–18:
      • Rice increased from 1,677 to 5,109 thousand tons.
      • Wheat rose from 150 to 470 thousand tons.
      • Food grain production grew by 37%.
      • Pulse production increased by 33.6%.
    • Improved irrigation, high-yield seeds, and scientific farming methods have led to rising productivity.
    • Industrial progress, especially in basic industries, has begun contributing to economic and social capital.

    Signs of Emerging Development

    • There are visible indicators of development, though not yet extensive or rapid.
    • Per capita income has increased by about 5%.
    • Savings and investment rates are rising, with investment reaching 25.9%.
    • Despite this progress, current capital formation and investment levels remain insufficient.
    • Many structural impediments are gradually weakening, opening the way for accelerated development.

    Land, Soil, Irrigation, and Agriculture in Jharkhand: Challenges and Progress

    Jharkhand, with its diverse geography and climate, is rich in agricultural potential. However, factors such as acidic soil, rugged terrain, and limited irrigation have posed significant challenges. Below is a detailed overview of the state’s land use, soil classification, irrigation, and agricultural production:

    Soil and Land-Related Agricultural Challenges

    • Acidic soil and uneven terrain are major obstacles to agricultural development.
    • Forest cover in the state is 29.76% (as of 2021), limiting the availability of cultivable land.
    • About 72% of Jharkhand’s land is rocky, plateau-like, and barren, making it unsuitable for cultivation.
    • Deforestation leads to soil erosion, further increasing barren land.
    • Out of Jharkhand’s 79,714 sq. km:
      • 23.22 lakh hectares are forests
      • 5.66 lakh hectares are barren
      • 7.24 lakh hectares are usable for agriculture and non-agricultural purposes
      • 0.9 lakh hectares are used as pastures

    Land Use Patterns in Jharkhand (in %)

    Land Use TypePercentage
    Net sown area18.12%
    Current fallow land16.13%
    Forest land28.09%
    Other fallow land13.86%
    Land unavailable for cultivation16.07%
    Non-agricultural use8.6%
    Barren land4.62%
    Grazing land1.59%
    Tree-covered area1.52%
    Cultivable waste land3.44%
    • Key issue: Even where cultivable land exists, the lack of irrigation facilities hinders productivity.
    • Most agriculture is rain-dependent, and uneven rainfall distribution negatively impacts yields.
    • Only 8% of Kharif and 6% of Rabi crops are cultivated on irrigated land. The rest depend entirely on natural rainfall.

    Soil Classification by Farmers in Jharkhand

    Farmers classify soil fertility into six categories based on terrain and properties:

    1. Tand-I (Upper land)
    2. Tand-II
    3. Tand-III
    4. Don-III (Medium land)
    5. Don-II
    6. Don (Lower land)
    • Upper land (Tand):
      • Soil: Red to reddish-brown
      • Properties: Well-drained, acidic, low in organic carbon, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
    • Medium land (Don):
      • Soil: Yellowish-red
      • Properties: Moderately acidic, contains nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
    • Lower land:
      • Soil: Dull, heavy texture, poorly drained
      • Properties: Slightly alkaline, moderate organic carbon, neutral acidity, nitrogen-rich

    Soil Erosion in Jharkhand

    • Approximately 23 lakh hectares of land suffer serious erosion annually due to undulating terrain and light soil texture.
    • Mild to severe erosion affects around 30 lakh hectares (40%) of land.
    • Surface soil is often lost, reducing fertility.
    • Overuse of nitrogenous fertilizers further worsens erosion problems and must be addressed.

    Acidic Soil Impact

    • Around 16 lakh hectares (19%) of land are highly acidic.
    • Crops such as pulses, oilseeds, maize, wheat, and vegetables are adversely affected.
    • District-wise acidity levels:
      • 25%: Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga
      • 22%: East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, Seraikela, Dumka, Deoghar, Jamtara, Godda, Sahebganj
      • 18%: Hazaribagh, Giridih
      • 11%: Palamu, Garhwa, Latehar

    Main Crops Based on Soil and Climate

    • Food Grains: Rice, wheat, barley, maize
    • Pulses: Lentils, gram, arhar (pigeon pea), khesari, peas
    • Cash Crops: Sugarcane, vegetables

    Crop Seasons

    • Jharkhand grows crops in two major seasons: Kharif and Rabi.

    Rice Cultivation

    • Main food crop of the state, grown in both Aghani (winter) and Garama (summer, irrigated) seasons.
    • Highly productive districts: Ranchi, Dumka, and Singhbhum
    • Rice is cultivated over 15 lakh hectares.
    • Production comparison:
      • 2014–15: 20,07,881 metric tons
      • 2019–20: 34,02,173 metric tons (over 1.5 times increase)

    Irrigation in Jharkhand

    • Irrigation facilities remain inadequate.
    • Graph data shows increasing trends in net irrigated area over the years:
    YearNet Irrigated Area (in ‘000 ha)Net Sown Area (in ‘000 ha)% Irrigated
    2010-11210138415.2%
    2011-12217140615.4%
    2012-13207138514.9%
    2013-14125108511.5%
    2014-15153125012.2%

    Wheat Cultivation

    • Wheat is the fourth major crop in Jharkhand.
    • Highest production: Palamu district (25% of state’s wheat output)
    • Other major districts: Hazaribagh, Godda, Deoghar, Giridih
    • 2019–20 total wheat production: 1,86,903 metric tons

    Maize (Corn) Cultivation

    • Second most important crop after rice.
    • Major production districts:
      • Dumka (highest)
      • Followed by Hazaribagh, Giridih, Singhbhum, Ranchi, Deoghar, and Palamu
    • 2019–20 maize production: 2,35,573 metric tons

    Gram (Chickpea) Cultivation

    • Major districts: Palamu, Godda, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Sahebganj
    • Soil requirement: Clay-loam or sandy-loam, aerated and light-textured
    • 2019–20 gram production: 27,970 metric tons

    Vegetable Farming in Jharkhand

    • Average annual rainfall: 1400 mm
    • Cool and tropical plateau climate makes the region ideal for early vegetable production.
    • Monsoon arrives early (June), providing favorable weather for vegetables.
    • Area under vegetable cultivation: 2.89 lakh hectares
    • Major vegetables: Potato, peas, radish, carrot, tomato, French beans
    • Major districts: Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Dumka

    Vegetable Production and Export

    • Total vegetable production: 34.75 lakh metric tons
    • Exported to: Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh
    • Production trend is increasing, especially for:
      • Brinjal, cauliflower, onion, peas, potato, tomato
    • 2021–22 Estimated Production: 38.18 lakh metric tons
      • 1st: Potato – 4.29 lakh MT
      • 2nd: Tomato – 4.29 lakh MT
      • 3rd: Cabbage – 3.20 lakh MT
    • Some years see slight production drops.
    • Per capita vegetable requirement: 280 grams/day
      • Jharkhand’s current production: 246 grams/day
      • National average: 230 grams/day
    • Conclusion: Jharkhand surpasses the national average in vegetable output, but still meets only 80% of its internal demand. The remaining 20% gap needs to be addressed.

    Forests, Wildlife, and Environmental Conservation in Jharkhand

    Jharkhand is one of India’s most resource-rich and environmentally significant states. With a diverse forest cover, rich biodiversity, and a wide range of conservation initiatives, the state plays a vital role in India’s environmental sustainability and development planning. Below is a detailed look at Jharkhand’s forest policy, forest types, biodiversity, protected areas, and conservation bodies.

    National Forest Policy and Its Implementation

    • India has had a formal forest policy since 1894, revised in 1952 and again in 1988.
    • The 1988 National Forest Policy focuses on the protection, conservation, and development of forests.
    • Key objectives of the 1988 policy include:
      • Ensuring environmental stability through ecological balance.
      • Conserving natural resources, forests, and reforestation.
      • Controlling soil erosion and forest degradation in river catchment areas.
      • Preventing expansion of sand dunes in desert and coastal areas.
      • Promoting mass afforestation and social forestry.
      • Meeting the needs of rural and tribal communities for fuelwood, fodder, and minor forest produce.
      • Enhancing forest production to meet national demands.
      • Encouraging the optimal use of forest products and finding alternatives to wood.
      • Promoting people’s participation, especially women, in conservation efforts.

    Forest Cover in Jharkhand (as per Indian Forest Survey, 2021)

    Forest TypeArea (sq km)Percentage
    Very Dense Forest (70%+ cover)2601.053.26%
    Moderately Dense Forest9688.9112.16%
    Open Forest11,431.1814.34%
    Scrub Forest584.200.73%

    Major Tree and Plant Species in Jharkhand

    • Dominant species: Sal.
    • Other species include: Asan, Gamhar, Bija Sal, Karam, Salai, Khair, Dhawra, Semal, Bamboo, Mahua, Karanj, Palash, Kusum, Ber, Amaltas, and Kend.
    • Shrubs and grasses: Include species like Putush and Sawai grass.

    Legal Provisions and Forest Conservation

    • The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is implemented in Jharkhand.
    • Central government approval is required before converting forest land for non-forest purposes.
    • State-level Principal Conservators of Forests can approve up to 5 hectares of land conversion (excluding illegal encroachments and mining).
    • Forest Act provisions are not applicable for survey works like transmission lines, hydropower projects, seismic surveys, and oil exploration.
    • A 100% centrally sponsored scheme is being implemented to rejuvenate degraded forests in tribal-dominated areas by involving local communities.
    • This scheme is named “Regeneration of Degraded Forests on a usufruct basis by Tribal and Rural Poor”, aiming to provide employment and forest-use rights to tribal people.

    Wildlife in Jharkhand

    • Forests of Jharkhand host a wide range of wildlife, including:
      • Mammals: Sloth bear, langurs, monkeys, wild dogs, cheetals, sambars, nilgai, wild boars, elephants, tigers, leopards, bison, wolves, hyenas.
      • Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects are also abundant.

    Wildlife Sanctuaries and Protected Areas

    1. National Park:
      • Betla National Park (Palamu) – Established in 1986.
    2. Wildlife Sanctuaries:
      • Palamu Tiger Reserve (1973) – 1129.93 sq. km.
      • Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary (1976) – 186.25 sq. km.
      • Mahuadand Wolf Sanctuary, Palamu (1976) – 63.25 sq. km.
      • Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, East Singhbhum (1976) – 193.22 sq. km.
      • Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary, Dhanbad (1978) – 12.82 sq. km.
      • Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Chatra (1978) – 211.03 sq. km.
      • Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary, Hazaribagh/Gaya (1985) – 177.35 sq. km.
      • Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Giridih (1984) – 39.33 sq. km.
      • Palakot Wildlife Sanctuary, Gumla (1990) – 183.18 sq. km.
      • Udhwa Bird Sanctuary, Sahebganj (1991)
    3. Special Conservation Zones:
      • Singhbhum Elephant Reserve – 23,440 sq. km.
      • Rajmahal Fossil Sanctuary – 5.65 sq. km.
      • Vulture Breeding Center, Ormanjhi
      • Crocodile Breeding Center, Muta (Ormanjhi)
      • Birsa Deer Park, Kalamati (Khunti)
    4. Biological Park:
      • Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park, Ormanjhi (2001) – 6.65 sq. km.

    Wildlife Census (2002 Data)

    • Tigers: 34
    • Leopards: 164
    • Elephants: 758
    • Barking Deer: 3,672
    • Cheetals: 16,384
    • Chousingha: 62
    • Gaur (Bison): 256
    • Nilgai: 1,262
    • Sambar: 3,052
    • Sloth Bear: 1,808
    • Wild Boar: 18,550

    Jharkhand’s Mineral Wealth

    • The state holds a significant portion of India’s mineral resources:
      • Coal: 27.3%
      • Copper: 18.5%
      • Iron Ore: 26%
      • Overall, Jharkhand holds about 40% of India’s mineral reserves.
    • Minor mineral production (sand, gravel, morrum) in 2022–23: 32.72 lakh metric tonnes.
    • Top districts in mineral royalty:
      • 1st: West Singhbhum – ₹1865.96 crore
      • 2nd: Dhanbad – ₹871.18 crore
      • 3rd: Ramgarh – ₹277.18 crore

    Environmental Institutions in Jharkhand

    Central Zoo Authority

    • Monitors the functioning of over 200 zoos across India.
    • Coordinates scientific exchange and animal welfare among zoos.
    • Provides guidance and supervision on national policies for zoos.

    Jharkhand Zoo Authority

    • Formed in 2009; limited to Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park.
    • Main goals:
      • Breeding and protection of endangered species.
      • Rehabilitation of injured, stray, or circus-rescued animals.

    Jharkhand Biodiversity Board

    • Formed in 2007 under the Biodiversity Act, 2002 (Section 22).
    • Key objectives:
      • Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
      • Fair and equitable benefit-sharing.
      • Regulation of commercial use of biological resources.
      • Documentation and research.
      • Supporting biodiversity management committees.

    Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board

    • Formed after state creation.
    • Ensures compliance with:
      • Water Pollution Control Act (1974)
      • Air Pollution Control Act (1981)
      • Environment Protection Rules (1985)
      • Bio-medical Waste Rules (1998)
    • Issues No Objection Certificates (NOCs) to industrial units.
    • Monitors water quality in rivers and noise pollution in major cities like Ranchi, Dhanbad, Jamshedpur, and Hazaribagh.
    • Regional offices have been established for better monitoring.

    Jharkhand Climate Change Cell

    • Formed in collaboration with UNDP and the Jharkhand Government.
    • Purpose:
      • Provide knowledge on climate change.
      • Facilitate data analysis, policy support, and public awareness.
      • Guide all state departments on climate-resilient strategies.

    Jharkhand State Forest Development Corporation Ltd.

    • Established by the Government of Jharkhand in 2002.
    • Fully owned and operated by the state government.
    • Responsible for the maintenance of Nakshatra Van and Kanha Park in Ranchi.
    • Operates under the National Bamboo Mission.
    • Handles collection and marketing of kendu leaves.
    • Conducts auctions of forest products from various forest department depots.
    • Has three regional offices: Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Deoghar.
    • Has six divisional offices: Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Daltonganj, and Garhwa.

    Mineral Wealth of Jharkhand

    • Jharkhand holds about 46% of India’s total mineral reserves.
    • Major mineral contributions to India:
      • 29% Coal
      • 18% Copper
      • 30% Apatite
      • 105% Bauxite (indicative of overlapping categories or sources)
      • 29% Iron Ore
      • 95% Pyrite
    • Other minerals include:
      • Manganese, Chromium, Limestone, China Clay, Fire Clay, Silver, Dolomite, Uranium, Sulphur, etc.
    • Contributes:
      • 26% of India’s total mineral value output.
      • 36% of India’s total mineral production volume.
    • In 2013–14, total mineral production was valued at ₹20,685.41 crore.
    • Royalty earned: Approx. ₹645 crore.

    Types of Minerals

    Metallic Minerals

    • Includes: Iron, Manganese, Tungsten, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Bauxite, Gold, Silver, Tin, Barite, etc.

    Non-Metallic Minerals

    • Includes: Mica, Asbestos, Pyrite, Salt, Kyanite, Marble, Limestone, Building Stones, Glass Sand, etc.

    Atomic Energy Minerals

    • Includes: Uranium, Thorium, Ilmenite, Beryllium, Zircon, Antimony, Graphite, etc.

    Small-Scale and Cottage Industries

    Jharkhand’s rural economy is supported by a wide range of small and cottage industries categorized as follows:

    Traditional Rural Industries

    • Khadi
    • Rural crafts
    • Handloom
    • Handicrafts
    • Rope-making

    These are traditional and culturally rooted industries.

    Modern Small-Scale Industries

    • Small manufacturing units
    • Power loom industries

    These are urban-based and technology-driven, using electricity and modern tools.

    Key Cottage Industries in Jharkhand

    1. Agriculture-based Auxiliary Industries

    • Rice and pulse milling.
    • Oil pressing and jaggery production.
    • Making pickles, chutneys, and preserved fruits.
    • Tobacco and bidi (local cigarette) manufacturing.
    • Dairy, poultry, and beekeeping.
    • Fabric dyeing and tailoring.

    2. Textile Industry

    • Cotton ginning and spinning.
    • Thread and cloth weaving and printing.

    3. Woodwork

    • Timber cutting and processing.
    • Furniture making, toys, and tools.

    4. Metal Work

    • Refining raw metals.
    • Blacksmithing, knife, lock, and brass utensil production.

    5. Leather Industry

    • Leather processing and tanning.
    • Manufacturing shoes and other leather products.
    • Making fertilizers and buttons from bones.

    6. Pottery and Earthenware

    • Pottery-making, roof tiles, bricks, and lime preparation.

    7. Other Crafts

    • Lac crafting, bangle making, soap, paint, and varnish production.

    Sericulture (Silk Production)

    • Jharkhand is a leader in tasar silk production.
    • Major tasar-producing areas: Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Santhal Pargana, Palamu, Dhanbad.
    • Villages like Gengeya and Sawani (Godda district) also produce tasar cloth.
    • The Magaia Tasar Co-operative Society (98 members) produced 1,000 yards/month of tasar cloth.
    • A Tasar Research Centre operates near Ratu (Ranchi) to promote silk production.
    • Distribution of silk production in Jharkhand:
      • 40% Singhbhum
      • 25% Dumka
      • 13% Hazaribagh
    • 63% of India’s tasar silk comes from Jharkhand.

    Tobacco and Bidi Industry

    • Tobacco-based factories are spread across Jharkhand.
    • Key bidi manufacturing centers:
      • Pakur
      • Seraikela
      • Chaibasa
      • Jamshedpur
      • Chakradharpur
    • Employs 3,13,442 workers directly.
    • Additional 28,383 people work part-time.
    • Nationally, Andhra Pradesh (7.5 lakh) and Madhya Pradesh (6.25 lakh) lead in bidi employment.

    Wood Industry

    • Utilizes wood from Jharkhand’s forests.
    • Involves sawing, plywood production, and furniture manufacturing.
    • Singhbhum district has the highest number of sawmills (60+).
    • Sawmills cut wood into planks and logs.

    Lac Industry

    • Jharkhand is India’s top lac producer.
    • Lac is a resinous substance secreted by insects living on specific trees.
    • Trees hosting lac insects: Palash, Ber, Kusum.
    • Major lac production areas: Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Santhal Pargana, Koderma.
    • Key lac centers: Bundu, Garhwa, Murhu, Khunti, Pakur, Daltonganj, Chaibasa, Ranchi.
    • A Lac Research Centre was established in Namkum block of Ranchi.
    • Types of lac:
      • Kusumi Lac – From Kusum trees, produces high-quality lac.
      • Rangeen Lac – From Ber and Palash trees, deep red in color.

    Matchstick Industry

    • A forest-based small industry like silk and tobacco.
    • A matchstick unit is established in Koderma district.

    Read in hindi:-
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  • Jharkhand: Culture, Demographics, Economy, Language, Religion & Key Insights

    Nestled in eastern India, Jharkhand is a treasure trove of natural beauty, diverse terrain, and ecological richness. From its dense forests and sacred hills to mineral-rich plateaus and mighty rivers, the state offers a stunning geographic landscape worth exploring.

    Location & Area

    • Jharkhand is located in eastern India.
    • It shares borders with:
      • Bihar to the north
      • West Bengal to the east
      • Odisha to the south
      • Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the west
    • Total geographical area: 79,716 sq. km (30,779 sq. mi)

    Topography & Natural Features

    • Predominantly lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, rich in minerals and natural vegetation.
    • The plateau is interspersed with rivers, valleys, and forests, supporting a vibrant ecosystem.
    • Forests cover a significant portion of the state, providing a natural habitat for elephants, tigers, and various species of flora and fauna.

    Climate & Seasons

    Jharkhand’s climate ranges from humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet and dry in the southeast.

    Seasonal Breakdown:

    • Summer (Mid-April to Mid-June):
      • Hottest month: May
      • Avg. temperatures: 25°C–37°C (77°F–99°F)
    • Monsoon (Mid-June to October):
      • Receives 1,000–1,500 mm of rainfall annually
      • July and August are the wettest months
    • Autumn (October to November)
    • Winter (November to February):
      • Ranchi temperatures range from 10°C to 24°C (50°F–75°F)
    • Spring (Mid-February to Mid-April)

    Major Hills & Mountain Ranges

    Parasnath Hill (Giridih District)

    • Also known as Sri Sammed Shikharji (Jain pilgrimage site)
    • Sacred to Santhal tribes as Marang Buru
    • Height: 1,365 meters
    • Believed to be the site where 20 of 24 Jain Tirthankaras attained Moksha

    Netarhat (Latehar District)

    • Known as the “Queen of Chotanagpur”
    • A popular hill station with scenic beauty and the Netarhat Residential School

    Rajmahal Hills (Sahibganj & Godda Districts)

    • Geologically significant—belonging to the Jurassic era
    • Known for waterfalls, lakes, and dense greenery

    Trikut Hill (Near Deoghar)

    • Known as Trikutchal due to its three prominent peaks
    • Height: 2,470 feet
    • A spiritual destination and scenic attraction

    Tagore Hill (Morabadi, Ranchi)

    • Also called Morabadi Hill
    • Visited by Jyotirindranath Tagore (Rabindranath Tagore’s brother) in 1908
    RiverOriginKey Cities / Areas
    GangaHimalayas (enters via Sahebganj)Sahebganj, Rajmahal
    SonAmarkantakSidhi
    SubarnarekhaNagdi, RanchiRanchi, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila
    KharkaiMayurbhanj, OdishaRairangpur, Adityapur, Jamshedpur
    DamodarTori, LateharDhanbad, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Giridih
    North KoelChota Nagpur PlateauDaltonganj
    South KoelRanchiManoharpur, Rourkela
    Lilajan (Falgu)North Chota Nagpur PlateauGaya
    AjayMungerPurulia, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
    MayurakshiTrikut HillSuri
    BarakarPadma, HazaribaghKoderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh

    Flora & Fauna

    Jharkhand’s rich biodiversity is protected through its many wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, making it a haven for nature lovers.

    Major Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks:

    • Palamu Tiger Reserve
    • Betla National Park
    • Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary

    Biodiversity at Palamu Tiger Reserve:

    • Mammals: 39 species
    • Birds: 170 species
    • Reptiles: 12 species (including snakes & lizards)
    • Plants & Trees: Over 97 seed-bearing species
    • Herbs, Shrubs & Grasses: More than 80 species combined

    Demographics

    • Population (2011 Census): 32.96 million
      • Males: 16.93 million
      • Females: 16.03 million
      • Sex Ratio: 947 females per 1,000 males
    • Literacy Rate (2017): 73.40%
      • Highest: Ranchi (83.13%)
      • Lowest: Pakur (50.17%)
    • Social Composition:
      • Scheduled Tribes (ST): 26.21%
      • Scheduled Castes (SC): 12.08%
      • Highest tribal populations in Simdega, Khunti, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Latehar, Lohardaga

    Languages

    • Most spoken languages:
      • Khortha (23.46%)
      • Hindi (21.4%)
      • Bengali (9.74%)
      • Santali, Nagpuri, Urdu, Magahi, Ho, Mundari, Kurukh also widely spoken
    • Official Language: Hindi
    • Additional Official Languages: Urdu, Santali, Nagpuri, Kurukh, Mundari, Ho, Kharia, Bengali, Bhojpuri, and more
    • Linguistic Diversity: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic roots

    Religion

    • Hinduism: 67.83% (Majority in 19/24 districts)
    • Islam: 14.53% (Highest in Pakur & Sahebganj)
    • Christianity: 4.3% (Majority in Simdega)
    • Sarnaism & Others: 12.84% (Majority/plurality in West Singhbhum, Lohardaga, Khunti, Gumla)

    Government & Administration

    • State Formed: 2000 (carved out from Bihar)
    • Governor: Constitutional head
    • Chief Minister & Cabinet: Executive power
    • High Court: Located in Ranchi
    • Divisions: 5
    • Districts: 24 (includes newer ones like Khunti, Ramgarh, Pakur)

    Major Cities (2011 Census)

    1. Jamshedpur – 1.34 million
    2. Dhanbad – 1.19 million
    3. Ranchi – 1.12 million
    4. Bokaro Steel City – 564K
    5. Deoghar – 203K
    6. Phusro, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Ramgarh, Medininagar

    Economy

    • Estimated GDP (2025–26): ₹5.56 lakh crore (~US$65 billion)
    • Per Capita GDP (2024–25): ₹115,960 (~US$1,400)
    • Urbanization: ~24.1%
    • Natural Resources:
      • Coal (3rd), Iron ore (4th), Copper ore (1st), Mica (1st), Bauxite (3rd), Uranium (1st), Gold, Silver, and more
    • Industrial Hubs: Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Ranchi
      • Home to Tata Steel, NTPC, and others
    • Agriculture: Rice, wheat, maize, pulses, vegetables (tomato, brinjal, papaya, etc.)

    Handicrafts & Textiles

    • Jharcraft (est. 2006): Promotes sericulture, weaving, and handicrafts

    Cuisine

    • Staples: Rice, roti, dal, leafy greens
    • Popular Dishes:
      • Chhilka Roti, Dhooska, Malpua, Pitha, Arsa Roti, Dudhauri
      • Panipuri (Gupchup), Rugra, Putoo (mushrooms), Bamboo shoot dishes
    • Traditional Drinks:
      • Handia (rice beer)
      • Mahua daru (fermented from Mahua flowers)

    Folk Culture

    • Folk Dances:
      • Chhau, Domkach, Jhumair, Paiki, Fagua, Mundari dance, Santali dance
    • Vibrant traditions celebrated by both tribal and non-tribal communities

    Festivals of Jharkhand

    Jharkhand celebrates a vibrant mix of tribal and mainstream Indian festivals:

    • Sarhul – Celebrated by the Oraon tribe marking the beginning of the New Year.
    • Baha Parab – A flower festival celebrated by the Santhal tribe.
    • Karam Parab – Celebrates nature and community bonding.
    • Mage Parab, Sohrai, Bandna, Tusu Festival, Makar Sankranti, Nawakhani, Sendra Festival – Tribal harvest and seasonal festivals.
    • Popular Indian festivals: Durga Puja, Jitiya, Manasa Puja, Rath Yatra, Saraswati Puja, Diwali, Holi, Phagua.

    Art & Culture

    • Sohrai & Khovar Paintings:
      • Mural art form created by women.
      • Sohrai: Celebrated during the harvest season.
      • Khovar: Traditional wedding art.
    • Godna (Tattooing): An integral part of tribal identity and aesthetics.
    • Cinema (Jhollywood):
      • Produces films in Nagpuri, Khortha, Santali, Ho, and Kurukh.
      • Promotes regional storytelling and cultural preservation.

    Media & Communication

    • TV & Radio:
      • Doordarshan’s DD Jharkhand and All India Radio operate actively.
    • Leading Newspapers:
      • Hindi: Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Prabhat Khabar, Ranchi Express
      • English: The Hindu, Times of India, Telegraph, Hindustan Times

    Transport Infrastructure

    Airways

    • Birsa Munda Airport (Ranchi) – Largest, with flights to major Indian cities.
    • Deoghar Airport, Sonari Airport (Jamshedpur), Bokaro Airport – Operational under UDAN scheme.
    • Upcoming/charter airports: Dumka, Giridih, Dhalbhumgarh, Chakulia, Dhanbad.

    Roadways

    • Over 2,660 km of National Highways.
    • Golden Quadrilateral project passes through Dhanbad.
    • Key National Highways: NH 18, 20, 22, 33, 143, 320, 343, and more.

    Railways

    • Dense rail network across the state.
    • Dhanbad Junction – Largest and most connected station.
    • Rail tunnels serve the hilly terrain.

    Inland Ports

    • Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port (on the Ganga) under development to boost riverine trade.

    Education

    Literacy Rates (2011 Census)

    • Overall: 66.41%
    • Top Districts:
      • Ranchi: 76.06%
      • East Singhbhum: 75.49%
      • Dhanbad: 74.52%

    Key Projects:

    • SSA, DPEP, NPEGEL, and KGBV under JEPC aim to achieve universal elementary education.

    Notable Schools:

    • St. Thomas School (Ranchi), DPS Ranchi/Bokaro, Loyola School Jamshedpur, Sainik School Tilaiya, De Nobili School, St. Xavier’s Hazaribagh.

    Social Impact:

    • Yuwa School, Hutup (Ranchi) – Empowering girls through football. Won Laureus Sport for Good Award in 2019.

    Higher Education

    Universities & Colleges:

    • Central University of Jharkhand, Vinoba Bhave University, Ranchi University, BIT Mesra, IIT Dhanbad, IIM Ranchi, XLRI Jamshedpur, AIIMS Deoghar, and many more.

    Specialized Institutes:

    • NIFFT Ranchi, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Central Institute of Psychiatry Ranchi, Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology

    Healthcare & Public Health

    • Historic mental health institutions: Central Institute of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Itki TB Sanatorium (est. 1928).
    • Modern hospitals: Tata Main Hospital (Jamshedpur), Bokaro General Hospital, Tata Motors Hospital (ISO certified).
    • Public health challenge: Fluoride contamination in Palamau and Garhwa districts.
      • Research collaborations with BIT Mesra and Princeton University for defluoridation.

    Sports

    • Cricket, Hockey, and Football are most popular.
    • Legendary figures:
      • MS Dhoni – Former Indian cricket captain.
      • Deepika Kumari – Commonwealth Games gold medalist in archery.
      • Nikki Pradhan – Olympian hockey player.
    • Venues:
      • JSCA Stadium – Hosts international and IPL matches.
      • JRD Tata Sports Complex – Home to Jamshedpur FC (ISL).

    Tourism Highlights

    Religious Sites:

    • Parasnath Hills, Baidyanath Dham, Maa Dewri Temple, Chhinnamasta Temple, Itkhori (Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain significance), Rankini Temple.

    Nature & Waterfalls:

    • Hundru, Jonha, Dassam, Panchghagh, Perwaghagh Falls.
    • Netarhat – Popular hill station.
    • Tattapani Hot Spring, Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Betla National Park.

    Cultural Sites:

    • State Museum, Hotwar
    • Tribal Research Institute and Museum – Showcases tribal heritage and art.

  • Explore Jharkhand: A Deep Dive into its Geography, Culture, and Languages

    Tucked away in eastern India lies Jharkhand—a land of dense forests, rugged plateaus, sacred peaks, and a resilient people who fought for their own identity. Created in 2000, Jharkhand is one of India’s youngest states, born from decades of struggle by its indigenous communities. But its story goes far beyond politics—it’s a tale of nature, culture, and the will to preserve identity.

    Where is Jharkhand?

    Jharkhand shares its borders with five Indian states:

    • Bihar to the north
    • West Bengal to the east
    • Odisha to the south
    • Chhattisgarh to the west
    • Uttar Pradesh to the northwest

    The capital city is Ranchi, and as of the 2011 census, Jharkhand had a population of nearly 33 million people, spread across an area of 74,677 square kilometers.

    The Road to Statehood

    After India gained independence in 1947, Jharkhand remained part of Bihar. But for the tribal communities who make up a significant portion of the population, development was elusive. Adivasis (Scheduled Tribes) saw little improvement in their social or economic conditions.

    In the 1980s, tribal leaders launched a strong movement for statehood. Over time, even non-tribal communities joined the cause. By the 1990s, the demand for a separate state had become impossible to ignore. And finally, in 2000, the Indian government created Jharkhand.

    A Land of Plateaus and Sacred Peaks

    Jharkhand’s landscape is dominated by the Chota Nagpur Plateau, part of the larger Deccan Plateau. This ancient formation is made up of hills, valleys, and flat-topped plateaus—locally known as pats.

    Some key geographical features:

    • Hazaribag and Ranchi Plateaus average around 2,000 feet (610 m) in elevation.
    • The Parasnath Hill (4,477 feet or 1,365 m) is the highest point—sacred to both Jains and Santhals.
    • Major rivers like the Damodar, Subarnarekha, Brahmani, and Son carve through the plateau, shaping the state’s drainage system.

    Soils range from sandy in the Damodar valley to heavier red soils on the plateau—perfect for forest growth and agriculture.

    Seasons and Climate

    Jharkhand experiences three distinct seasons:

    • Winter (Nov–Feb): Cool and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C.
    • Summer (Mar–June): Hot and dry, with May being the hottest month (up to 37°C).
    • Monsoon (June–Oct): Heavy rainfall dominates, especially in July and August. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,000 mm to 1,500 mm.

    Forests and Wildlife: A Green Treasure

    More than 25% of Jharkhand is forested, especially on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. These forests are not only a natural treasure but also a cultural lifeline for tribal communities.

    Key Flora:

    • Sal (Shorea robusta): A valuable timber tree
    • Mahua (Madhuca longifolia): Edible flowers used to brew traditional liquor
    • Asan (Terminalia tomentosa): Supports the sericulture industry
    • Bamboo and bhabar grass: Essential for paper-making

    Fauna Highlights:

    • Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary: Home to Bengal tigers, leopards, elephants, and more
    • Smaller mammals, birds, and reptiles thrive in the forests and rivers

    People and Culture

    Jharkhand is a tapestry of cultures, languages, and beliefs. Tribal communities—including the Santhal, Munda, Oraon (Kurukh), Ho, and Kharia—make up nearly 40% of the population.

    Religious Diversity:

    • Majority: Hinduism
    • Minorities: Christianity (esp. among Munda, Oraon, Kharia), Islam, and indigenous religions

    Languages Spoken:

    • Hindi, Urdu, and Bihari dialects (Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili)
    • Santhali, Ho, Munda (Austroasiatic family)
    • Kurukh/Oraon (Dravidian language)

    Urban vs. Rural

    Despite its mineral wealth and industrial development, Jharkhand is still largely rural, with only about 10% of the population living in cities. Most settlements are scattered villages nestled in valleys, around forests, or near industrial belts.

    Major Cities:

    • Ranchi: Capital and cultural hub
    • Jamshedpur: Industrial city, home to Tata Steel
    • Dhanbad: Coal capital of India
    • Bokaro: Major steel-producing city

    Tribal communities are concentrated in regions like Ranchi, Dumka, and East and West Singhbhum.

    Economy & Industry

    • Economic Focus: Since statehood in 2000, Jharkhand has prioritized sectors like IT, transportation, agriculture, infrastructure, and handicrafts.
    • Industrial Hubs: Industrial Area Development Authorities operate in Adityapur, Bokaro, and Ranchi for land acquisition and infrastructure development.
    • Cottage Industries: Predominantly artisan-based industries—sericulture, handloom, lac, pottery, woodwork—are common in Hazaribag, Ranchi, Singhbhum, and Jamshedpur.
    • Major Industrial Cities:
      • Jamshedpur – Steel hub (Tata Steel)
      • Ranchi – Machinery and engineering
      • Bokaro – Steel production
      • Chaibasa – Cement production from slag

    Agriculture & Livestock

    • Agricultural Assets: Fertile land, groundwater, and a moderate climate support agriculture.
    • Animal Husbandry Initiatives:
      • Selective sheep-breeding in Chatra for better mutton/wool yield.
      • Goat farming prominent in Dumka, Deoghar, Godda, and Chatra.
      • Pig farms located in Kanke, Saraikela, and Jamshedpur.

    Mineral Resources & Power

    • Chota Nagpur Plateau: Richest mineral belt in India.
    • Major Minerals: Produces India’s total output of copper, kyanite, pyrite, phosphate; significant iron ore, mica, bauxite.
    • Coalfields: Located in Damodar Valley; major source of India’s coking coal.
    • Power Infrastructure:
      • Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) manages thermal/hydro plants.
      • Serves both Jharkhand and West Bengal via a shared power grid.

    Transportation

    • Roads: National highways like the Grand Trunk Road run through the state, but all-weather roads reach fewer than half the villages.
    • Railways: The Kolkata–Delhi line (since 1864) crosses Jharkhand, with major freight centers in Ranchi, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Jamshedpur.
    • Air Transport: Ranchi is served by scheduled flights.
    • Waterways: No longer significant for transport.

    Government & Administration

    • Governance Structure:
      • Governor (appointed by India’s President)
      • Chief Minister leads the Council of Ministers
    • Legislature: Bicameral – Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) and Vidhan Parishad (Council)
    • Judiciary: High Court in Ranchi; district and subordinate courts exist.
    • Administrative Units: Districts headed by Deputy Commissioners, assisted by Superintendents of Police.

    Health Infrastructure

    • Facilities: Over 500 medical centers; large hospitals in Ranchi, Dhanbad, and Jamshedpur.
    • Specialized Care: TB, leprosy, and psychiatric treatment centers near Ranchi; cancer hospital in Jamshedpur.
    • Common Ailments: Respiratory issues, diarrhea, dysentery; low occurrence of cholera and malaria.
    • Medical Systems: Includes allopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, and homeopathy.

    Education

    • Literacy Growth: Significant improvement since the 1990s; surpassed 50% by early 2000s.
    • Major Universities:
      • Ranchi University (1960)
      • Birsa Agricultural University (1981)
      • Sido Kanhu Murmu University (1992)
      • Vinoba Bhave University (1992)
    • Technical & Research Institutes:
      • Indian School of Mines, CIMFR, BIT Mesra, Xavier Labour Relations Institute
      • Indo-Danish Tool Room – key training center in Jamshedpur